Bem argued that such individuals are more adaptable in different situations, have higher self-esteem and a greater awareness sense of emotional well being. Bem stressed that androgynous men and women have a different cognitive style from traditionally sexed- typed people because an androgynous person when faced with a decision about how to behave responds independently of any gender concept whereas a traditionally sex-typed person determines what would be appropriate from their gender using gender schemas. Supporting the idea that there is a link between androgyny and flexibility, Bem found that masculine and androgynous individuals showed lower levels of conformity than feminine women. However, these findings are not really surprising. The Male scale on the BSRI measure assertiveness and resisting pressures to conform, and the Female scale measures femininity in terms of nurturance and expressive traits.
However if the behaviour is judged as immoral such as joining others in cheating there is less evidence of conformity as the costs are perceived as greater. Kohlberg found that individuals who are able to resist pressure to conform tend to be more morally advanced. Individuals can resist obedience if they have an ally who also opposes the authority figure. In Milgram’s study when the participant was given two allies that refused to continue giving shocks, only 10% of participants continued to the 450 volts shock level. Milgram claims that the presence of allies who resist an authority figure makes individuals more confident in their ability to do the same.
Michael Rucker sates in his article “9 Differenced Between the Male and Female Brain” that “Many men are sharply left-brain dominant, while women tend to be more evenly balanced between left and right-brain processing. Women are therefore thought to be slightly more intuitive, and sometimes better communicators. Men are often less socially adept, and are more task-oriented thinkers than females.” (Rucker). Young boys can be rough because of testosterone but they tend to overthink their actions and decide on the “‘fight or flight’” reaction and coming from someone who is young, I can vouch for this. Females, on the other hand, follow their gut feelings and their “female intuition” and employ the “‘tend or befriend’” strategy.
My article’s full citation is: Krista M. Soria & Sarah Linder (2014). Parental Divorce and First-Year College Students’ Persistence and Academic Achievement, Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 55:2, 103-116. The article’s purpose was to see if having divorced parents would affect a first year college student’s GPA and whether or not it would affect their continuance of education into a second year. The researchers used quantitative studies in order to gain a conclusion to their test. They began by issuing a Cooperative Institutional Research Program survey to all college freshmen at a public university.
Trivers defined parental investment as “any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring’s change of surviving (and hence reproductive success) at the cost of the parent’s ability to invest in other offspring”. Maternal investment is much larger than paternal investment. Females make a greater biological investment than males because they produce far fewer egg cells than males produces sperm, and egg cells are far more costly to produce. This means that females require a greater initial investment because they can only have a limited number of offspring, whereas a male can potentially have an infinite number of children. As a result of this inequity, females are choosier in who they mate with.
His findings into attachment radically challenged the prevalent behaviourist theory of Watson of learned infant attachment in response to constant stimuli and the psychoanalytical theory of Freud that attachment was based on biological needs or ‘cupboard love’ theories as unreliable. (Custance, 2010). Within this essay I will attempt to describe both Harlow’s and Ainsworth research methods and compare and contrast their findings and criticisms. Harry Harlow’s work on attachment focused on the bond between infant and mother. Harlow wanted to investigate whether attachment was based on the ‘cupboard love’ theory of Freud and Watson or on Bowlby’s suggestion that attachment was an innate tendency in response to warmth and tactility.
At an early age boys tend to be more aggressive than girls, due to the ability to socialize being easier for girls than for boys thereby, creating gender difference in antisocial behavior. Also at an earlier age girls are more apt to show empathy and guilt than males. This difference may also include parenting and the way the parents respond to a difficult child, the mother being more empathetic to the child than the
Although it isn't clear in the paragraph whether Harry has a twin or not, if he did this could have a massive influence on his behaviour. Let's say Harry had an mono-zygotic twin, who shared a 100% concordance rate with him. Early twin studies generally found higher concordance for criminality amongst MZ than DZ twins, which would support the suggestion of a genetic influence. However, this research has said to be flawed due to a combination of small samples and poor methods of determining whether a particular twin pair was MZ or DZ. The rationale underlying the use of twins in explaining criminal behaviour is that if 1 MZ twin shows signs of aggressive behaviour, and the other one does too, then it is down to genetic influence.
2. In what sense, according to conflict theorists, is rape less an act of deviance and more of an act of over conformity to cultural expectations? Do you agree with this analysis? 3. Despite the fact that girls do better than boys at school, boys have higher expectations and higher self esteem than girls, a gap that continues with each year of schooling.
One thing they expected to find in the experiment would be that the mothers and children that were clinically anxious would have higher scores and correlations than the ones who weren’t but the results were insignificant. However, the expressed behaviors were higher. According to the study and their findings, the results of the experiment could implicate some kind of treatment for childhood anxiety by managing parental anxiety and being