LAB REPORT 1 Finding PROTEINemo Introduction In the vast ocean of proteins one will try to locate an unknown protein amount. Proteins are long chains of amino acids, and critical to the building of various tissues in the body such as muscle, hair, enzymes and antibodies. Proteins have other various important functions in rebuilding and building of the human body. In order to find what a protein is, one needs to looking at peptide bonds. The most effective way to find peptide bonds, which join amino acids to form a protein, is by using Biuret reagent.
3. How will the concentration of sucrose in water affect the amount of water that diffuses into or out of the potato cells and thereby change the mass of the potato cells? Hypotheses: 1. If the solution inside the dialysis tubing is hypertonic to the water in the beaker, then the glucose will diffuse out of the bag, and the water will diffuse into the bag, however the starch will remain in the bag. This will occur because the water and glucose are small enough to diffuse out of the pores in the dialysis bag, but the starch molecules are too large to fit through 2.
The streak plate technique is done to isolate a colony formed by a single cell from a mixture containing millions of cells. The streak plate technique was also used to obtain pure cultures of the bacteria using a trypticase soy agar (TSA) plate and was incubated at 37 ̊ for 48 hours. Secondly a Gram stain was performed as directed from exercise 6in the lab manual (Kleyn 37) and was found to be Gram negative Rods. The Gram stain is important to do because it reveals the morphology of the organism and the arrangement of the cells; if an organism appears purple under a microscope then it is said to be Gram positive, and if it
Review the effect of pH on enzyme function. Students should understand that enzymes function best at specific pH levels (which vary depending on the enzyme). Non-optimal pH levels can affect the shape of the enzyme, thereby decreasing its effectiveness as a catalyst. Extreme pH levels can permanently denature the enzyme protein, whereas less extreme pH conditions may only temporarily alter . Lactase is effective at pH 2 – 7 (including dH2O) and therefore breaks down the lactose sugar in milk into glucose and galactose.
Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei used mRNA made up of repeating uracil nucleotides in a cell free extract. They obtained amino acid chains consisting of phenylalanine. What did they learn when they asked the question, ”What happens when mRNA made up of only cytosine, alanine, and guanine are placed in a cell free extract?” 10. Explain how the structure of tRNA helps it to deliver the correct amino acid to the corresponding mRNA codon at the ribosome. Sketch the structure of a tRNA molecule, making sure to label the amino acid and the
• The harmless prion or normal protein is called PrPC. • The prion is a problem because it is hydrophobic and needs more hydrophobic prions. PrPSc causes PrPC to change into PrPSc and continues to spread and clump together in the cell, eventually killing the cell. • PrPSc cannot change back to PrPC. Chaperones • Some proteins have trouble finding or forming their correct conformation.
Removing VLCSFA from the diet eliminates any external contribution to the total VLCSFA blood level. Lorenzo’s Oil, made of monounsaturated fatty acids (good fatty acids), causes Competitive Inhibition to occur. The same enzyme complex that elongates fatty acid chains becomes occupied with the production of monounsaturated fatty acids. The enzyme complex cannot produce both types of fatty acids simultaneously. Therefore the two kinds of fatty acids compete for same enzyme complex; however, monounsaturated fatty acids are formed in greater concentration than VLCSFA.
Electrophoresis – An Introduction • An analytical technique in which the motion of scattered particles run through a fluid under the influence of uniformly charged field is called electrophoresis. • This phenomenon was first observed by Ferdinand Frederic Reuss followed by Arne Tiselius who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his research on electrophoresis, adsorption analysis and his discoveries concerning the complex nature of serum protein. It is a technique used in laboratories in order to separate macromolecules based on molecular size and charge. • This technique applies a negative charge so proteins move towards a positive charge. This is used for both nucleic acids and proteins.
4. The size of a cell is limited by the Surface-Area:Volume ratio, since this ratio influence the rate of entry and exit of substances into and out of cells. Cells are limited to small sizes so that their surface areas are large enough to let in essential material fast enough to meet their needs, and to allow waste materials to diffuse out fast enough to avoid the cells being poisoned by their own wastes. 5. Enzymes are a type of protein which speeds up the chemical reactions which occur within an organism by lowering the activation energy required to start the reaction.
Kathryn Watkins AP Biology Practice Essay-Biochemistry A. Salivary amylase is an enzyme found in the saliva that begins the chemical process of digestion. Salivary amylase’s primary purpose is to catalyze the breakdown of large glucose polymers known as starch into individual glucose units that are further broken and converted into carbon dioxide and water. Without this enzyme acting as a catalyst to digestion, this process would occur very slowly. Many different factors affect the speed of this process such as the temperature, pH, the number of amylase genes, and the natural amount of time that varies in each individual person’s breakdown of such molecules. B. Graph C. Since each students times varied, we have to consider