Evolution of Forensic Science and Criminology Misti Tull Everest Online CJE-1640-1m Evolution of Forensic Science and Criminology Sir Francis Galton has contributed many things on fingerprinting but the major one has been finding the method of classifying them for study. In 1892 he printed a book titled Finger Prints this book stated the statistics on the method of personal identification. (Page 8 ch 1) Mathieu Orfila is known as the father of toxicology, he is known of this because in 1814 he was the first person to print a book on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals. The book establishes forensic toxicology as a legitimate study. (Page 7 ch1) One contribution is the journal he has written is about the improved methods of scientific crime detection and this still reports today.
His first criminal insights developed in the 1860’s when he was working as a doctor in the army and the characteristics of the soldiers, however, his name came into Criminological significance with the publication of his first book, ‘The Criminal Man’ (1876). In this book he suggested from his research that criminals were biologically determined, a physical type with specific characteristics that differentiates them from others, and throwbacks to earlier forms of evolutionary life (Newburn 2007). During the period Lombroso wrote this book, Charles Darwin’s (1968) theory of evolution was a very popular concept, and Lombroso was thought to be heavily influenced by this, proposing that criminals were ‘lower down the evolutionary scale than law abiding citizens’ (Cited in Crowther 2007: 278). Before publishing ‘The Criminal Man’, Lombroso famously conducted a study on the physical and mental characteristics of 400 Italian soldiers and 90 ‘lunatics’, examining and comparing them. He concluded there were a selection of specific characteristics setting criminals apart from others and stated that they were a ‘sub-species’.
First, I will give you a little bit of a background on the polygraph, then I will explain some of the testing procedures, and finally, I will discuss the controversy behind the polygraph tests. How did the Polygraph test come about? The polygraph has been in use for almost a hundred years. The official website for the International League of Polygraph Examiners (2009) outlines, that in 1921 the polygraph was invented by John Larson, who was a medical student at the University of California, and he was a local police officer in Berkley. Mr. Larson invented the machine based on the theory that when a person tells a lie, they will have a fear of being caught, and their body will react to that fear.
Carbon-14 Dating: an Invaluable Yardstick in the Chronology of Humans Archeologists use many methods to analyze data from the past. One scientific tool they use is to analyze the radioactive decay of chemical elements found in plant and animal remains, pottery, and even in rocks. Radiocarbon dating, also known as carbon-14 dating, has been one of the most important radioisotope dating methods used. This scientific tool, which was first developed by Willard F. Libby in the late 1940s, has significantly improved the accuracy of assigning dates to past events and artifacts as far back as 70,000 years. It is helping archaeologists, geologists, and anthropologists reconstruct the world’s history by filling in some of the many blank dates in the chronology of the history of our human world and by substantiating and revising other dates.
Secondly, they produced the first clearly recognizable description of diseases and epidemics. Also in Greece, Galen a physician and natural scientist of the Golden Age 2nd century created the Cold Cream of Roses. Although slightly altered, Cold Cream of Roses appeared in the British Pharmacopeia of 1932. The Greek advancements in medicine gave way to how we treat and discover diseases. It is actually the staff of the Greek healing god, Asklepios, that is the official symbol of medicine world
In 1866 he was appointed visiting lecturer atPavia, and later took charge of the insane asylum at Pesaro in 1871. He became professor of forensic medicine and hygiene at Turin in 1878, where he was later professor of psychiatry (1896) and criminal anthropology (1906]. He died in Turin in 1909) Cesare Lombroso holds a prominent position in the modem chronology. In fact he is considered to be the “father of modern criminology” (Mannheim, 1972: 232), During the 19th century his work gained attention as he integrated the concepts of atavism and “throwback” of criminals to an earlier stage in human evolution (Schaefer, 1969: 126). His work emphasizes on the different categories and types of criminals such as born criminals, criminaloids, and insane criminals, as well as research on female offenders.
Pgs 15-17) Alphonse Bertillon, (born April 23, 1853, Paris—died Feb. 13, 1914, Münsterlingen, Switz.). He was the son of medical professor Louis Bertillon and the younger brother of the statistician and demographer Jacques Bertillon. He was a criminologist and anthropologist who created the first system of physical measurements, photography, and record-keeping that police could use to identify recidivist criminals. Bertillon began his career as a records clerk in the Parisian police department. His obsessive love of order led him to reject the unsystematic methods used to identify suspects and motivated him to develop his own method, which combined systematic measurement and photography.
Outline and evaluate four approaches in Psychology A psychology laboratory was first set up in Germany in 1879, by a medicine and philosophy professional known as Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920). Wundt was especially recognised for his research in the use of introspection and is referred to as the founding father of psychology. There are different views from psychologists these days, as to what makes each of us function. Numerous different types of approaches and perspectives exist within psychology to study this; the four main approaches looked at here are Psychodynamic, Behavioural, Humanistic and Cognitive. Sigmund Freud, creator of the Psychodynamic approach, brought about this theory in the 1890s.
The Role of Integrity in Criminal Justice Work – Private Investigator The role of the private investigator was started in Paris around 1833 by a French soldier, Francois Eugene Vidocq. “His sordid past helped him to understand the criminal mind and bring to justice those who had committed a crime. Vidocq was the first to use forensic science when he used plaster to make casts of foot and shoe prints.” (www.einvestigator.com/investigation_articles/the_history_of_private_investigators.htm, “The History of Private Investigators,” 2/26/12) He was also credited with having introduced record keeping, criminology and ballistics to criminal justice.” (http://ezinearticles.com/?The-History-of-a-Private-Investigator,” 2/26/12) The prosperity of the 1920s made the private investigator accessible to the average American. The private investigator industry has grown with the changing needs of the public. With these growing needs the private investigator has more moral issues to deal with, therefore, he has to decide on his moral ethics before he can tackle any job.
Mary Salter Ainsworth’s thinking was very much influenced by Blatz’s security theories. After Ainsworth completed her master’s thesis in 1937, Blatz proposed that she should undertake her dissertation research within the framework of his security theory. She later developed her own theory of attachment; in which, both Blatz and Ainsworth collaborated their theories for the creation of the laboratory preschool at the University of Toronto. William E. Blatz (1895-1964) was born the ninth child of german immigrants; he grew up in Hamilton, Ontario in Canada. He obtained his bachelor's degree in 1914, his masters degree in 1916, and his medical degree in 1921 all from the University of Toronto.