These include encoding, retrieval strategies and rehearsal. Rehearsal is an important process because information can be circulated within the short term memory which will be passed on to the long term memory. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model arose from research studies and evidence. The first process in the MSM is the sensory memory. This process stats with stimuli coming into the memory system from the environment and registers at the sensory store, which hold the information for a fraction of a second after the physical stimulus is no longer available.
Short term memory allows us to hold onto information long enough to use it. It deals with new data from the sensory memory and old information retrieved from the long term memory. It has duration of 18 seconds but this can be longer if the information is rehearsed, this is usually done acoustically. The short term memory has a limited capacity so information is often lost when new data comes in, this can be reduced by ‘chunking’ information (grouping info together). Long term memory is a more permanent store; we retrieve past experiences and knowledge from it.
The Sperling study in 1960 supports the theory of the multi-store model and the main store that it supports is the sensory memory store. Sperlings studies, made participants see a grid of digits and letters for 50 millisecond. They were then asked to write down all 12 items or they were told to recall a certain row, depending on the tone, which they had just heard. The results showed that when the participants were asked to recall all 12 items, it was a poorer recall. Another study, which supports the multi-store model, is the Glanzer and Cunitz study in 1966.
Outline and evaluate the multi-store model: g&l Shiffrin et al proposed the Multi-Store Memory model which is a structural model composing of 3 separate stores with information passing between stores in a linear way. The 3 stores are the Sensory memory (SM) , the Short-term memory (STM) and the Long-term memory (LTM). The sensory memory receives constant information from environmental stimuli through senses such as eyes, ears, nose, hands, tongue and remains in the sensory memory for very short-periods as it receives little attention. When attention is given to these stimuli, they are then passed onto the STM. Rehearsal maintains information in the STM however it is still vulnerable to being forgotten due to limited duration (decay) or being displaced by new incoming information due to limited capacity (displacement).
To complete the process of remembering the information more maintenance rehearsal is needed lead the information into the long-term memory. Long-term memory is known to have a limited capacity and a longer duration, suggested by Bahrick et al study on long-term memory. Also the information from the long-term memory can return back to the short-term memory through the process of retrieval, if the memory needs to be used. There are
They asked participants to perform a reasoning task while simultaneously reciting outloud a list of six digits. If didgit span really is a measure of maximum STM capacity, participants would be expected to show in paired performance on the reasoning task because their STM would be ocupied retaining the 6 digits. However, they found that participants made very few errors on either the reasoning or digit span task, although the speed of veryfying the sentences was slightly slower than when the task was done alone. Baddeley and Hitch concluded that the STM must have more than 1 component and must be involved in processes other than simple storage; eg, reasoning, undestanding and learning. The working memory model consists of four parts: episodic buffer, phonological loop, central executive and visio spatial sketchpad; The episodic buffer is a fairly recent addition to the working memory model.
Mojtabi and Nicholson (1995) asked 50 senior psychiatrists in the U.S. to differentiate between bizarre and non-bizarre symptoms and found that the inter-rater reliability had a correlation of +0.4. This shows that the central diagnostic requirement lack sufficient inter-rater reliability for it to be a reliable method of schizophrenia diagnoses. Also Whaley et al (2001) found that inter-rater reliability correlations in diagnoses were as low as +0.11. This, again, shows that there are inconsistencies amongst clinicians that are diagnosing patients, which begins to question the confidence we can have in professional diagnosis. Another issue is test-retest reliability.
However, the younger children would lack schemas and the vocabulary needed to describe the science experiment. This means that they wouldn’t have been able to describe the experiment when asked to recall it, and therefore would make this experiment less valid. Anastasi and Rhodes performed an experiment in 2006 to see if recall is better when identifying people from the same age range (own age bias). They showed 24 photos to 3 age groups and then later they were shown 48 photos and had to identify the original 24. They found that generally the younger age groups were better at recall, but all age groups were better at recognising their own age group.
Life expectancy in 1900 was only around 47 for men and 50 for women whereas it now in 2013 83 for men and 87 for women. There are many reasons for the decline in the birth rate, the reduction of the infant mortality rate, meaning less children are dying in their first year of life, due to advancements in medical care meaning that families don’t need to reproduce a larger quantity of children on fear of death. Contraception was formally introduced in 1961 to the UK for married couples only, this meant that married couples could control the amount of children they could, which has become increasingly popular over the last 50 years because it has enabled couples and others to have sexual relations without resulting in a child. During the industrialization and up until around the 1900s, children were seen as a source of income to working class families as they could be sent out to work, so families had large amounts of children to bring in money. But due to the introduction of a law restricting the age of employment and compulsory education meant that children were now seen as a drain on money so families began to become smaller because of the expense of having a child.
Participants were asked to record their experiences that occurred 20 minutes previously from the time of documentation. Many people, especially children like those in the study, live in the moment and tend to forget things quite easily. It may have been more effective to record happenings from five or 10 minutes before they were asked to record their experiences. The experiences will still be fresh in their minds and the participants will have more of an opportunity to recall certain information instead of possibly providing false information that could result from forgetting what occurred 20 minutes beforehand. It could also have been effective to have a member from the study staff announce to the participants the moments they will be documenting.