An ambiguity is something static that is open to two or more different interpretations. It’s easy to think that illusions and ambiguities occur in our external environments but in actuality they only become real in our perception of them. In 1889 Franz Muller-Lyer formulated what is known as the Muller-Lyer illusion (cited in Schiffman, 1990). This illusion is commonly depicted as a horizontal line equally divided by angled arrowheads, each end also features an inward or outward facing angled arrowhead (DiGirolamo, McCarley, Kramer & Griffin, 2008). The illusion occurs, according to perspective-constancy theory, when the line divided by the arrowhead is identified as long or short based on the direction of the arrows.
The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the two stimuli was used to compute just noticeable differences (JNDs) in milliseconds. JNDs provide an index of temporal resolution i.e. small JNDs indicate high temporal resolution. The context was manipulated to include both static and dynamic distractors. These distractor events were measured along the vertical and horizontal meridians.
This supports that the unconscious semantic processing of words on an unattended channel was intruding upon a task of naming ink colours. Introduction Theories suggest that attentional processes operate on an unconscious and automatic level. Schneider and Shiffrin (1977, as cited in Edgar, 2007) believed that some mental process cannot be consciously controlled and used the term automatic processes to describe this. They termed the mental process whereby we exert conscious control; controlled processes. [these require focused attention?]
We can now explore the more complicated scenario of light traveling from one medium to another. Below is a diagram showing the path that the light travels. Here we know that the light is traveling from the initial point to the final but we are trying to find the x value (where it crosses the two mediums) that minimizes the time taken. If we look at this diagram it is clear that in general the total time that the beam travels to get from point x1,y1to point x2,y2 is: Tx=x-x12+y12v1+x2-x2+y12v2 If we consider Fermat’s principle of least time to be true then the true time taken is that for which the function is a minimum. To find this we take the derivative of T(x) and set it equal to zero.
Moreover perfectionism explained as setting goals that are out of range and as a structure in which it causes the person to experience negative feelings as a consequence (Frost, Marten, Lahart & Rosenblate, 1990). Early conceptualizations of perfectionism suggested perfectionism to be a unidimensional construct (Burns, 1980). In contrast, recent views have stressed that perfectionism is multidimensional in nature (Terry- Short, Owens, Slade & Dewey, 1995). Recent research has shown that two major dimensions of perfectionism can be
They are: • Imagery • Simile • Metaphor • Alliteration • Personification • Onomatopoeia • Hyperbole A metaphor is simply an implied comparison between two things (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007). Metaphors carry a dual meaning and it also merges two things. Those two original meanings of the word metaphor are things are with or after and beyond, and to carry. Metaphors can also be defined as A metaphor is a word or phrase used to compare two unlike objects, ideas, thoughts or feelings to provide a clearer description ("metaphor," 1996-2012). A simile is an explicit comparison as analogies or extended comparisons.
As Brown and Warner (1915) have pointed out, the difference in speed in reading names of colours and in naming colours may be accounted for the difference in experience called the "automatic word recognition hypothesis" or, as others have claimed, certain mental activities happen automatically even when not consciously stimulated by the subject. This phenomenon is due to the Stroop effect, and the following experiment aim to induce that same effect into the participants and observe the difference between reading the congruent and incongruent words. Twelve participants took part in the experiment. The data collected was analysed using the Inferential Statistical tests method, because this method enable us to assume that the whole population may behave in the same way as the participants in this experiment. The t-test value has been calculated and is found to be equal to 10.48.
Indirect Realism- There is objection to direct realism, by studies done on perception and psychological processes realists have distinguished between external objects as the causes and objects of perceiving and closed sensa which is the functions of our brain. The form of this view has been named representative realism. This view as well, has its own defecits, and has also been criticized by philosophers. This view has been modernized to introduce a more acceptable theory on perception. Representative Realism, “seeing a table.” The actions involved in seeing this object both through the brain processes is derived from the sensa and that we are directly aware of our senses, which form together what we know as the shape, size, color and other properties that we visualize.
Or are people really just heartless creatures? These are all reasonable inquiries, therefore, Darley and Latané explore this situation with the intent to learn why the bystander effect happens. To conduct this experiment, Darley and Latané defined the independent and dependent variables of the research. The independent variable, the factor being manipulated whose effect is being studied, is the number of bystanders present during an emergency. The sociologists created three levels of the independent variable, group 1 that consisted of two participants, group 2 that consisted of three participants, and group 3 that consisted of six participants.
Conflictingly, its discourses connote more covert hierarchal and patriarchal power relations. With these I have taken issue and will hence propose, through textual intervention, an alternative invited reading which is that ‘actions have their consequences’. Language is a heterogeneous mass of articulations wherein each linguistic term, each sign, is a “two-sided psychological entity” (De Saussure, 1916: p. 964), composed of intimately united elements: the signified (concept) and the signifier (sound-image). The correlative qualities of arbitrariness and difference are what constitute a signifier whose value is acquired “only because it stands in opposition to everything that precedes or follows it” (De Saussure, 1916: p. 974). Moreover, signifiers follow Barthes’ ‘symbolic’ code and form ‘binary opposites’ or Levi Strauss’ ‘dyadic pairs’ which, like the tale in question, express hierarchies as one element of the dyad will be positively marked by society (in this case, the term on the left of the ‘/’) (Phillips, n.d.) (Barry, 1995: p. 46) (Klages, 2006).