Accompanying the restriction of urinal selection is the fact that there is an interaction between the subject and the confederate. This interaction introduces the possibility of doing harm to the subject. In this instance, it could be in the form of mental direst given the added vulnerability experienced when using the urinal. Finally the lack of debriefing adds an additional element of questionable ethics. Had the subjects been informed of the study’s purpose, the question of ethics would be less ambiguous.
A scientifically accepted general principle supported by a substantial body of evidence offered to provide an explanation of observed facts and as a basis for future discussion or investigation (Lincoln et al.,1990). Again in simple terms, a theory explains how nature works. Can be modified. In conclusion, scientific laws and theories officially do not have the same meaning. I can understand how people can confuse these two words for having the same
To control or eliminate these threats, controlled experiments are done. 4. The quantitative method is a research technique the produces measureable results that can be analyzed statistically. The qualitative method of research produces subjective results or results that are difficult to quantify. With the qualitative method, there is more room for interpretation.
The biological approach is strong in the way that it uses scientific and experimental research to prove that genes affect human behaviour; scientific and experimental investigations are strengthening the theory, because these are usually highly controlled lab experiments, suggesting that there is a small chance of an error occurring. The arguments provided for the approach are also very convincing, because strong evidence
The students remembered more items when interviewers used the cognitive interview compared to the standard interview. This study demonstrates that the Cognitive Interview technique is more effective than the normal interview procedures for retrieving accurate testimonies. The cognitive interview, however, involves an in depth exploration of the interviewees experiences which can be stressful or traumatic therefore it is essential that the interviewees are ensured protection from harm; this is an ethical issue. Geiselman's studies were lab
This study is scientific because the data is quantitative and it can be statistically analysed. A positive aspect of this assumption is that the supporting study was carried out in a laboratory; experimental methods are carried out in controlled conditions so cause and effect can be assumed. This supports the behaviourist view that assumptions should be based on scientific evidence that can be tested so behaviour can be studied. A second assumption of the cognitive approach is that mental processes are regarded as information processing. It says that information is processed by a series of systems, attention – perception – memory – attention, and this is an active process so the information may be transformed or altered therefore the input may be different to the output.
He showed students videos of violent crimes and interviewed them 48 hours later either using a standard police interview or the cognitive interview. The found that people were significantly more likely to remember details correctly when interviewed using the cognitive interview, showing that cognitive interview is effective in improving recall. However this study was a laboratory experiment which means it lacks ecological validity as people may have not taken it as seriously as they would in reality so the results can’t be generalised. Also, there are ethical issues in this study as it showed people violence so they weren’t protected from possible psychological harm. More research into the effectiveness of cognitive interview has supported this study showing that cognitive interview is superior to standard interview.
Second, the participants were deceived. According to ethical code of researches, participants should be completely informed what would take place during the experiment in the inform consent form before the experiment, but the researchers did not properly address all the situations to the participants. The violence was completely not expectable by the participants. From the perspective of ethical issue, it was wrong to conduct this experiment, but from the perspective of research, it is right to conduct this experiment. Therefore, I would say that it is worthy to conduct this experiment because the outcomes of experiment are very useful for the discovery of human behaviors.
Normally the sample is shaped as dumbbells in this type of experiments so, that it would be easier to place the sample in the holder of the testing machine and it is easier to notice the deformation of the sample at a certain load. This test was based on the American society for testing and materials standards. Those standards were made to develop the quantity of the product in addition to insure that any experiment was preformed correctly and how accurate are the
This means that the research is more detailed and in depth, but is also more valid. Theoretical issues include reliability, meaning can the researcher trust the information that they have collected. The validity means that it is correct and has no mistakes therefore it can be trusted to use in secondary research. Research bias is when the researcher has their own views on the topic therefore they could incorporate their own thoughts into the research. This could all affect the research as it means that it could affect the final result.