Adult relationships are therefore effected by the internal working model according to early attachment styles; this is a concept referred to as the continuity hypothesis, i.e. later emotional behaviour is a continuation of early attachment styles. A study by Hazan and Shaver (1987), entitled the Love Quiz, identified just how early attachment styles effect adult relationships. They published a questionnaire in an American newspaper assessing early attachment type and adult relationship behaviour, to which they received 620 replies. They found the three attachment types consistently lead to certain adult relationships: securely attached individuals who remembered a close and warm relationship with their parents and between their parents also reported stable and loving adult relationships in addition to beliefs like love is enduring, whereas insecurely attached individuals who remembered an unfair and rejecting relationship with their parents also reported difficult relationships, falling in and out of love frequently in addition
If secured the child will receive ample attention and have basic needs met. However, if unsecured may result in an impaired social and emotional development (Peterson, 2004). In attempts to distinguish between the associated attachment behaviours observed in infant-caregiver interaction, Mary Ainsworth patented the strange situation test; subsequent findings resulted in three categories of infant attachment style; A: insecure avoidant, B: secure and C: insecure resistant (Ainsworth, et al. 1978). This model was later applied to adult romantic relationships and adapted to form theories of adult
Research confirms that a secure identity fosters attainment of intimacy. 6Young people also focus on aspects of generativity, including parenting and contributions to society through work. Other Theories of Adult Psychosocial Development Describe and evaluate Levinson’s and Vaillant’s theories of adult personality development. Levinson described a series of eras, each consisting of a transition and a stable phase, in which people revise their life structure. Young adults usually construct a dream, typically involving career for men and both marriage and career for women, and form a relationship with a mentor to help them realize their dream.
Theoretical Research Paper Research Article Summary The empirical article entitled Why do People Sacrifice to Approach Rewards Versus to Avoid Costs? Insights from Attachment Theory by Emily A. Impett and Amie M. Gordon (2010) examined how adult attachment orientations influenced peoples goals for making sacrifices in their romantic relationships using variables from attachment theory. Previous research has examined approach- avoidance and attachment theory concepts in regards to sacrifice in a romantic relationship. This study focused more specifically on the link between the attachment orientations and sacrifice goals and whether the goal is self-focused or partner focused which has not been addressed in previous research. The first study tested four main predictions, which included; testing whether those who had higher levels of
In other words, cultural diversity plays a role in the depth of self-disclosure; social psychologist (Griffin, Ledbetter, & Sparks 2016) Howard Giles’s Communication Accommodation Theory indicates a need for using communication strategies like convergence, or divergence to achieve closeness within a culturally diverse, relational context. (393) Meaning, diversity may promote self-disclosing or shun the idea depending upon collective cultural and individual centralistic values. Consequently, the Social Penetration Theory may not explain how its tenets or core concepts apply to interracial relationships or marriages where an age difference
The qualitative study denotes the attachment process that is a major predictor of mental health in adult age of individual. The study heightened the awareness as well as understanding of self-esteem issues that can effectively lead to more accurate therapeutic contexts and treatment plans for clients. The study might lead therapists’ ways to decrease or moderate or even demolish number of issues that clients experiences throughout their childhood. At the same time, mental practitioners can develop relationship that can allow them to work effectively with clients suffering from self-esteem
PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Parental Discipline and Affection and Children’s Prosocial Behavior: Genetic and Environmental Links Ariel Knafo Hebrew University of Jerusalem Robert Plomin King’s College London The authors investigated genetic and environmental contributions to the relationships between children’s (N 9,319 twin pairs) prosocial behavior and parental positivity and negativity toward them. Children’s prosocial behavior was rated by parents at ages 3, 4, and 7 and by teachers at age 7. At each age, parents described their feelings and discipline toward each twin. Parental positivity was indexed by positive feelings and positive, noncoercive discipline, and parental negativity was indexed by negative feelings and coercive, punitive discipline. Genetics and the environment both contributed to individual differences in prosocial behavior and in parenting.
This can include the culture in which an individual lived or was educated in as well as people or organisations they interact with. The topic of Morawska (2011) article is whether the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program is acceptable to Parents from Culturally Diverse Backgrounds, it explores whether families with a culturally diverse background benefit from this programme and just how well does it aid the families who have kids with behaviour problems and does it retain the family harmony. “We examined the cultural acceptability of program materials, preferences for delivery methods, and barriers to use of the Triple PPositive Parenting Program.” Morawska et al (2011) The triple p-positive parenting programme is a parenting and family support system which had been designed to prevent behavioural or emotional problems within children as well help treat any existing issues in this matter. The aim of the programme is stop any problems that can occur in the family or school before they actually take place, it is there to help create and support family environments that encourage a child to recognize their full potential. It’s a multilevel system family intervention that provides five levels for increasing
Brenner et al. (1999) found certain factors lead to distinct parental practices, such as marital satisfaction, beliefs about discipline, parental abuse history, parental depression, level of spousal support (Simmons, Beaman, Conger, & Chao, 1993), maternal age and education (Kelley, Power, & Wimbush, 1992), and economic stress (Takeuchi, Williams, & Adair, 1991). The correlation between parenting styles and parenting practices is an important one, which can
American criminologist Travis Hirschi makes “attachment” (Walsh, 1991:108) the backbone of his control theory of delinquency. Attachment refers to the extent to which a person is psychologically and emotionally close to others delinquency (http://criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/hirschi.htm). Particularly, it is the attachment to one’s parents that determine the likelihood of delinquency in adolescence. The attachment embraced within the family serves as a basis for attachments to individuals and institutions that happen later in life. For example, the attached child behaves by giving respect, cooperates with others, and doing well in school to please those whose opinions matter