‘Diseases of affluence’ were diseases of the wealthy such as heart disease and cancers. These mostly affected the middle aged and the older generation. Improved nutrition was also said to have helped reduce death rates since the early 1900’s. McKeown in 1972 said that improved nutrition accounted for half of the reduction in deaths. He said this as he thought that better nutrition increased the resistance against infections and helped our immune systems to fight them.
Examine the main trends in births and death rates in the United Kingdom since 1900. As the country’s population changes they are factors that contribute to the change in population. The main factors that affect population change in a country are birth and death rates. Over the years birth rates have largely declined leading to smaller family size due to various reasons, these reasons include a lower infant mortality, change in position of women and also change in position of children. Although there has been in a decrease in birth rate in the UK, net migration has lead to slight increase in the total fertility rate in the UK.
This is proven since in 1900 the IMR in the UK was 154 and by 2007 it had sharply declined to 5, owing to many factors including improved housing and better sanitation. So infant mortality rates decreasing has caused birth rate to decrease and therefore also decreasing family size. A final reason is the idea that children have become an economic liability. This is due to two many reasons, the first being laws
Life expectancy in 1900 was only around 47 for men and 50 for women whereas it now in 2013 83 for men and 87 for women. There are many reasons for the decline in the birth rate, the reduction of the infant mortality rate, meaning less children are dying in their first year of life, due to advancements in medical care meaning that families don’t need to reproduce a larger quantity of children on fear of death. Contraception was formally introduced in 1961 to the UK for married couples only, this meant that married couples could control the amount of children they could, which has become increasingly popular over the last 50 years because it has enabled couples and others to have sexual relations without resulting in a child. During the industrialization and up until around the 1900s, children were seen as a source of income to working class families as they could be sent out to work, so families had large amounts of children to bring in money. But due to the introduction of a law restricting the age of employment and compulsory education meant that children were now seen as a drain on money so families began to become smaller because of the expense of having a child.
Examine the reasons for, and the consequences of, the fall in the death rate since 1900 (24 marks) In the UK, the overall number of deaths has stayed fairly stable since 1900. However there has been some fluctuations, for example the number of deaths increased during the world wars. However, ignoring the two major increases, the death rate has fallen since 1900. Firstly, according to Thomas Mckeown (1972), improved nutrition is a main reason for the fall in the death rate. He argues that better nutrition increases resistance to infection and increases the survival chances of those who did get infected.
The worst mortality rates were in Spain and Russia. Spain had a death rate of 22.8 per 1000, and Russia was 29. These mortality rates were still an improvement from those of the previous century. Industrialization and better living conditions played a role in the falling mortality rate, as well as the decline of infant and childhood mortality. In the beginning of the
• Our lifestyle has led to our getting less exercise and an epidemic of obesity. There is some evidence to suggest an association between obesity and asthma.’ The first point made by this website is quite fascinating. Simply, it means that because we are a lot cleaner in the 21st century, our immune systems become more sensitive and become used to clean environments. But when our systems come into contact with allergens and other triggers there is a reaction and you get symptoms.
The one selected is reducing the rate of emergency department visits due to falls among older adults with a ten percent improvement, (Healthy People, 2011). To succeed this health indicator could benefit from the efforts of community nursing through partnering with local businesses, provision of community education, and networking with local health services. Community Nursing Diagnoses that could help focus the efforts of the community health nurse with the stated health indicator include: • Risk for falls, among older population, related to lack of screening and lack of education about prevention of falls as evidenced by increased ratio of older adults versus other populations that experience injury sustaining falls. • Ineffective community therapeutic regime management, among older population, related to lack of access to fall screening and education about causes of falls as evidenced by amount of emergency room visits in 2010 of older adults seeking emergent care related to
They have developed a more efficient way of production and have embrace technology, which helps to speed up the production. The environmental issues decreased dramatically over the last fifty years when farming levels of feed, fuel, water, energy, land and crop nutrient resources needed to produce pork became environmentally aware. The Carbon footprint has become a small fraction of the US greenhouse gas emission due to improved regulations. Concerning air emissions, data has been gained that will be used to help farmers better understand the emissions produced from their operations and allow them to help make improvements wherever possible. For the water footprint, developments are being made to produce a tool that will calculate the water use that is involved in farming operations that will help farm owners identify areas for improved efficiency.
This is due to the elimination of childhood diseases through vaccination, safe drinking water, antibiotics, and public health measures. The most common measure of mortality is life expectancy because it is calculated from mortality data and it is used to estimate years of life remaining (William & Torrens pg.51). From 2000-2005 the infant mortality rate did not decline but there was a 2% decline from 2005-2006 (MacDorman, & LastMathews , 2008). The U.S. has the highest infant mortality rating than most other developed countries. There is also a huge difference in the infant mortality rates for different races and ethnicities.