The reward/need satisfaction theory of relationship proposed by Byrne & Clore (1970) asserts that if a relationship is seen to offer the prospect of reward (for either party), it is more likely to form – if there is little or no perceived reward, the relationship does not form. Their model is based on the behaviourist principles of operant and classical conditioning. According to the former, behaviour that results in a beneficial outcome makes repetition of this behaviour more likely, whereas if the outcome is undesirable, the behaviour is less likely to be repeated or continued. A relationship that brings perceived advantages is a case of positive reinforcement but the relationship can also be characterised by negative reinforcement if the
Since before engineering and manufacturing had difficulties moving products from one division to the other, the unification of the two divisions will allow for greater integration. This is an example of horizontal differentiation, whereby division of labour is organized according to the product. This allows for a more “reciprocal” form of interdependence, whereby engineering, manufacturing and marketing units work amongst each other on a certain product. This allows for a stronger linking between the divisions, meaning that information and resources flow in a more rapid fashion. This links back to our objective or increasing linking mechanisms between the engineering division and manufacturing, due to their lack of being able to move products from one division to another in a speedy fashion.
Why and How the Progressive Movement Emerged The Progressive movement was one which called for the greater regulation of businesses and the safeguarding of safety and rights for workers. Much of the reform called for was a direct response to the conditions and injustices created by the rapid, unregulated growth of the Gilded Age. Early progressives rejected the Social Darwinism philosophy. In other words, they were people who believed that the problems society faced could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace. Much of the Progressive movement occurred coincidentally due to Immigration, Industrialization, and Urbanization.
Compare sources A and B as evidence for the views of Disraeli on extending the right to vote From the two sources given, we can understand that in source A, Disraeli did understand that the expanding the franchise is necessary, but only to a certain extent. Whereas in source B he states that allowing more people from the working class (lower than the middle class) is necessary because they have the right to. Sources A and B both show Disraeli’s views on the working class being able to vote. However, source B has a drastically different view in comparison to source A. In source A, Disraeli’s ideology of the franchise is very limited, he states in his speech that it is more possible to “increase the middle class electorate” rather than increasing the working man’s ability to vote.
“Personal values are basic motivation beliefs about desirable modes or outcomes of individual behavior” (Rassin, 2008, p. 8). Values give an individual a sense of what is right from wrong and it creates standard for appropriate behavior. Person values include honesty, punctuality, self-reliance, and concerns for others. Other personal values are truthfulness and sincerity. Professionals can make inform decisions and carry added moral responsibility to those held by population in general.
Like Durkheim (a Functionalist), Marx believed it was possible to understand society scientifically and scientific knowledge would lead to a better society. However (unlike Durkheim), he believed capitalism would increase human misery before giving way to a classless, communist society, in which humans would be free to fulfil their potential. He believed that history would go through a series of base changes – primitive communism, ancient society, feudalism, capitalism and then communism. The organisation of production in a society shapes the nature of society – refers to this as the base/superstructure. According to Marx – in a capitalist society, the economic relationship of exploitation requires ideologies in the superstructure to cover up inequality – they are not innocent/neutral because they justify inequality and serve the interest of powerful groups.
Public interests are emphasised by individuals. Lastly, social interests consist of such things as safety, public order, health, freedom of speech, resource conservation as well as economic and political progress. Another aspect of this is for a person to be able to live a human life in accordance to the standards set by society. Many examples exist of public interests against private interests and the inferiority of individual rights to the interests of the community. This can be exhibited through aspects
Carnegie seen that the rich becoming more rich will help the economy prosper and become better. The political machines saw the immigrants were not getting the basic needs of life; they helped with what they could. Upton Sinclair wrote the jungle that exploited the food production, this caused laws to be created when the world learn what they are. Along with change in food production there was change in beliefs. People believed in Social Gospel or Social Darwinism.
Running Head: SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS Even though cultural lag and how inventions are changing for the better or worse, inventions and technology because having tools that are used today to make it easier to do things and discovery in the process of change. Social change being based primarily on technology is how Sociologist William Ogburn developed his theories (Henslin, 2013, pg. 463). Looking at thing with this perspectives, makes it easy to see how socially we have moved from hunting and gathering to domestication of plants and animals, to make the gathering easier. Soon the invention of plows to harvest, allowing larger groups of people to live together, creating society and continuing to move things forward with technology begins to
These values include changing the utilitarian system so there is a more effective education system, more rights for the factory workers at the time of the Industrial revolution and in general more freedom and justice for the pauper or the working class people, within the Laissez faire capitalist system. Through Hard Times, Dickens criticizes the way the government chooses to run the country. As a humanitarian, he argues that no matter what class a person is in, they should always have the benefit of having basic human rights, treated greater than the respect they had from the people from the upper class and that the human mind should be allowed to explore their imagination, as well as filling the mind with facts. The text Hard Times, shows a critical middle class view among the different parts of society. The education system is the first flaw mentioned in society.