Bromination of Arenes This lab demonstrated the application of adding bromine to various arenes, hydrocarbons with alternating single bonds. This process, bromination, is a mechanism which treats hydrogen as a functional group. This being the case, the rate of reaction of certain arenes can be measured and compared to that of other arenes upon the addition of the bromine. The reaction occurs when the bromine radical generates from the halide diatomic molecule, using light energy. The fact that the energy needed to break the necessary bonds falls within the visible light spectrum is the basis on which the experiment is based.
Name: Alexis Savastano How Does pH Affect an Enzyme? Catalase is an enzyme that helps decompose the toxic hydrogen peroxide that is produced during normal cell activities. The products of this reaction are water and oxygen gas. The pressure of the oxygen gas in a closed container increases as oxygen is produced. Any increase in the rate of reaction will cause an increase in the pressure of the oxygen.
The heat obtained when a known mass of alcohol or paraffin wax burns will be used to warm a measured volume of water. Enthalpy change can be defined as the amount of heat released or absorbed when a chemical reaction occurs at constant pressure. In an exothermic reaction, such as the case in this experiment, the following reaction takes place: H = H(products) - H(reactants) = negative (-ve) Specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. The relationship between heat and temperature change is usually expressed, where c is the specific heat. The relationship does not apply if a phase change is encountered, because heat added or removed during a phase change does not change the temperature.
Define heat of reaction. -Is the overall energy absorbed or released during the solution process. 2. Distinguish between exothermic and endothermic processes. -Exothermic is energy needed to break the bonds is less than the energy released and endothermic is the energy needed to break the bonds is greater than the energy released.
Also, we will discover its regiochemistry and stereochemistry. Hydration reaction is a process that gives a alcohol functional group and a hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene. According to Markovnikov's rule the -OH group will be attached to the most substituted carbon which is a carbon connected to the most branches. As the result, in normal hydration reaction of (+)-α-Pinene, the -OH group will attach the carbon attaching to a methyl group. However, the desired product is (-)-Isopinocampheol, in which the -OH group need to attach to the less substituted carbon instead.
Which type of intermolecular attraction (dispersion force, or hydrogen bond) exists in each of the following liquids? hydrogen bond hydrogen bond dispersion force hydrogen bond Predict which liquid in each pair has the higher boiling point. CH3COOH C2H5OH If the molecules in a liquid are weakly attracted, which of the following properties has a high value? vapor pressure (high when attraction is low) boiling point is low (it is only high when molecules are strongly attracted) viscosity is low (it is only high when molecules are strongly attracted) surface tension is low (it is only high when molecules are strongly attracted) Distinguish between a solid and a liquid at the molecular level. Solids and liquids differ at
Distillation is used to purify a compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-volatile material. When different compounds in a mixture have different boiling points, they separate into individual components when the mixture is carefully distilled. The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid phase of a compound equals the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid. The external pressure is usually the atmospheric pressure. Different compounds boil at different temperatures because each has a different, characteristic vapor pressure: compounds with higher vapor pressures will boil at lower temperatures.
The bond between these two ions is called an ionic bond.If the electronegativity difference is greater than 1.7 then the higher electronegative atom has an electron attracting ability which is large enough to force the transfer of electrons from the lesser electronegative atom. an example of an ionic bond would be Sodium chloride. Covalent Bonds have weaker inner forces this allows molecules to break easily, which is why covalent bonds have low melting points. Ionic bonds on the other hand have stronger inner forces keeping the molecules closer and stronger together. A result of this is a high melting point for that chemical bond.Ionic bonds tend to form more crystalline substances made of ions, like
Background: A reaction rate is the decrease in concentration of a reactant or the increase in concentration of a product with time. Thus, the units for the reaction rate are usually Molarity per second (M/s) – that is , the change in concentration (measured in molarity) divided by a time interval (seconds in this case) (Chemistry: The Central Science, P. 527). Rate is usually calculated by taking an average of the disappearance or appearance of a compound with respect to time. In this case it is calculated by the absorbance of the light. Reaction rate is affected by any catalysts present (which speed up the reaction usually with an intermediate step), temperature (increases the number of particles collisions), concentration (increases the number of collisions), and surface area (increases the space available for collisions).
In the experiment a secondary alcohol (cyclohexanol) is heated with acid (phosphoric acid). A carbocation is generated by the loss of water from cyclohexanol because of the protonated alcohol. Loss of hydrogen ion from the carbocation will give the desired alkene (cyclohexene). Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids that have different boiling points that are relatively close together. By using this method of distillation a mixture is heated to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound is evaporated the distillate is then condensed and collected.