Sigmund Freud asserted at his seventieth birthday celebrations “The poets and philosophers before me discovered the unconscious. What I have discovered is the scientific method by which the unconscious can be studied”. (Macintyre, 2004, page 64) Probably the most famous psychologist known to man, Sigmund Freud founded the psychodynamic approach to psychology known as psychoanalysis. His theories were psychoanalytic but the term ‘psychodynamic’ refers to both his theories and those of his followers. He believed that there must be some relationship between the mind and the body.
Summarise the psychological development theories outlined in this course. Psychological development is the scientific study of changes that occur in humans over their life. Within this course it outlines 3 psychological theories and within these theories each one gives a different view on how humans develop over their life. One theory that this course covers is that of Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud is one of the most famous thinkers in psychological history and he was one of the most influential minds of the twentieth century.
“What Is Hypnosis?” Describe the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis and discuss the role of relaxation in Hypnotherapy. Introduction In order to answer the question “what is hypnosis?” I start by looking at the history of hypnosis and have selected some key figures in the story of hypnosis and given a brief overview of their beliefs and development. I have also sourced some quotations and definitions. I have also explored the physical and psychological aspects of hypnosis, firstly by looking at the four different brainwaves Beta, Alpha, Theta and Delta and how the emphasis alters between the conscious and subconscious mind. For the physical aspects I will discuss the work of Edmund Jacobson and the progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) technique.
“Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issue”. Introduction In this assignment I will evaluate Freud’s psychosexual theory and demonstrate that I have an understanding of this theory, examining the stages that clients are meant to go through according to freud and how its relationship to this theory effects a client’s presenting issue. I will also show how Freud’s theory has a relationship to a client’s neurotic behaviour, and look at some of the criticisms that this theory attracted from other critics, this will help me understand how it was used in practice. Freud’s greatest contribution to psychology was his theories involving psychosexual development, he had a very sexual way at looking at what happens to our mind from birth to teenage years, but before I begin to explain these in more detail we need to look at Freud himself to understand and have an idea on what sort of man he was. Freud was born in the Czech Republic on 6th May 1856, his parents were practicing Jews and were very religious, but as Freud grew up he himself, even though being a Jew never practised.
Tiffany Stanway 1/6 Class Code STOKE2S13 Evaluate the Extent to Which Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development Can Help Us to Understand a Client's Presenting Issue Word Count 2,520 The main aim of this essay is to demonstrate an understanding of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and how precisely this theory may help us to understand a client’s presenting issue and identify with the adult’s thoughts or behaviours that have brought him or her to counselling. In this essay I shall evaluate the pros and cons of psychosexual theory and the extent to which it helps us to understand a client’s presenting issue. I shall also define and consider the relationship between the Id, Ego and Superego and the way in which these constructs of our psyche are in many ways representative of earlier experiences and of those early situations and conflicts we had faced. Lastly, I will examine some of the criticisms that have been levelled at Freudian theory in order to evaluate it. In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory; that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy), that develops in five stages.
The author will examine the limitations and restrictions of CBT in the wider principles of mental healthcare provision and consider how the application of CBT within the practice of Mental Health Nursing can influence the possible future development and advancement, of new nursing models/concepts of nursing practice, in particular the author will examine the impact of CBT with the recovery process. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy was founded by Aaron Beck in the late 1960’s and is based on the concept of irrational cognitive processes which have been learned and maintained through enforcement. Beck describes cognitive therapy as ‘…. An active, directive, time-limited, structured approach used to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders (for example, depression, anxiety, phobias, pain problems (Beck et al 1976). The cognitive model assumes that clients have a negative view of themselves, their environment and the future.
A clinical case study is an in-depth study of a person in therapy and tends to include the age, sex and background of the client, symptoms and the circumstances in which they appear, treatment and an assessment of the client’s state following therapy. The psychodynamic approach uses retrospective case studies such as Anna O’s where the client is required to recall information from the past. A well-known case study is that of Little Hans whose phobia of horses was caused by repressed memories, therefore fitting in with the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach. | Evaluate the use of case studies within the psychodynamic approach (strengths and weaknesses) However retrospective case studies are often open to distortion as the client may have forgotten important details. Also case studies are time consuming and difficult to analyse due to the vast amount of data.
The Process Of Assessment And Formulation In Cognitive Behavioural Therapy The purpose of this reflective analysis is to provide the reader with my own personal critique of an assessment/ case formulation that I conducted with a patient on December 5th 2008. Within this text, I will endeavour to self-assess, highlighting my perceived strengths and strengths and weaknesses within the session. Basing my findings around Gibbs (1988) “Reflective Cycle,” I will illustrate how my successes and mistakes will serve to inform future practise/ subsequent interventions. As a benchmark by which to review the pros and cons of the session, I have measured results against Townend/ Grant’s exhaustive “Aims Of The Assessment Process,” (Cockx et al, 2008, p10) touching upon key areas such as the therapeutic relationship, collaboration and clinical measures. I will dedicate a large portion of this essay to reflect on the case formulation process itself, assessing my efficacy in teaching the “five aspects” model.
As has Ainsworth’s ‘strange situation’ study (1979) that followed shortly after and provided empirical evidence for attachment theory and identified ‘styles of attachment behaviour’. I will then discuss whether attachment theory is deterministic. Finally I will look at if attachments are not formed this predestines mental health issues in adulthood by looking at some of the considerable evidence on attachment theory over recent decades. The epistemological roots of John Bowlby’s work came from various fields, including ‘psychoanalytic theories, post-Darwinian ethology, modern cognitive-developmental psychology, cybernetics (control systems theories), and community psychiatry (Chap 1, Cassidy, Cassidy and Shaver, 2008, Attachment in Adulthood:4). Through his work on attachment (1940-1990), he endeavoured to understand the formation and functioning of the personal relationships we create throughout the life course, with particular emphasis on those formed in childhood (Howe,1995:46).
The psychodynamic approach evolved from psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud, who considered that people’s behaviours are influenced by their motives or dynamics. Psychodynamics has three distinctive features or assumptions. That the difficulty a client is having has an origin in their childhood. Secondly, the client is not consciously aware of these affecting their motives and impulses, and lastly that it uses the interpretation of the transference relationship between client and councillor (McLeod, p.91). This essay will now consider these features in more depth.