The second task involved the central executive and the phonological loop where participants had to repeat the word 'the' over and over again whilst working out the sentence verification task. The third task used the central executive and the central executive and phonological loop. In this task participants had to say random digits between 1 and 9 whilst completing the sentence. Hitch and Baddeley found that the time taken on task 3 was significantly longer because the task
As far as coding is concerned, there are also differences between short term and long term memory; short term is acoustic and long term is semantic. The multi-store model of memory is the first attempt into explaining the way that memory works and has led to further research into memory being undertaken but this explanation of memory is overly simplistic due to its one way system of memory. Lab research to support the multi-store memory was carried out by Peterson and Peterson; in their study, participants were presented with a trigram consisting of 3 consonants which they were asked to recall in the correct order after a delay of 3,6,9,12,15 or 18 seconds. Rehearsal of the trigram was prevented by counting backwards in 3s from a random 3 digit number. The findings of Peterson and Peterson’s research were that after 18 seconds, fewer than 10% of the trigrams were remembered by the participants.
[these require focused attention?] This led to the development of two-process theories; which suggest that automatic and controlled processes operate simultaneously, so that tasks are “automatically” carried [could be considered more of a continuum?] Kahneman (1973, as cited in Edgar, 2007) suggested that there is a central processor within the brain which is of limited capacity and that some information cannot be processed. [there is too much input from our senses to be able to cope with] Kahneman explained how the brain acts as a physical filter and defined attention as mental effort; limited resources being allocated
A controlled process does require undivided attention and an amount of mental effort is usually needed. The stroop effect is the observation that it takes longer to name the colour of the ink a word is printed on if the word names a different colour than it does to identify a block of colour. The experiment relates to characteristics of normal waking consciousness. The Independent variable is the use of the automatic process, the list of 25 words that’s colour is correspondent to the
Describe and evaluate the Working Memory Model of Memory (12 marks) The working memory model by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974 is an alternative to the multi- store model, which was limited in its description of the STM. It consists of three main components, the first one being the central executive, which has overall control. The central executive is directs attention to two slave systems, the phonological loop and the visual-spatial sketchpad. The central executive has limited capacity but is able to process information from all the sensory systems, e.g. vision, hearing, etc.
The theory levels of processing was proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972) which rejects the idea of the dual coding theory that was proposed by Paivio (1971). The dual coding theory states that characteristics of memories are determined by either the short term memory store or the long term memory store, whereas the levels of processing theory proposes that information can be processed in multiple ways that depend on the level of depth of processing involved with the memory. For example, a ‘shallow’ memory will lead to a fragile memory trace which in turn is more likely to be forgotten than a memory that is more durable with more meaning. There are three ways in which information can be processed: Structural processing, phonemic processing and sematic processing. Structural and phonemic processing are two forms of shallow processing and sematic processing is a type of deep processing.
Outline and evaluate the model of working memory In this essay I am going outline what is working memory in terms of psychology and evaluate it in terms of both advantages and limitation of the working memory model. The fact that short-term memory contains both new information and information retrieved from long-term memory has led some psychologists to prefer the term ‘working memory’ (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 1986,1992) Working memory model is an alternative to the multi-store model; it is a far more complex explanation of short-term memory. Baddeley and Hitch argued that the short-term memory was made up of several subsystems, each of them have a specialized function, rather than the short-term memory model being a single inflexible store. According to Martin, G. N, Carlson, N.R & Buskist, W. (2006) “According to Baddeley, working memory is a short-term memory system that allows us to retain material for current use and not just for transport into long-term memory.” Baddeley suggested this short-term memory as having three independent components that allow us to store temporarily visuo-spatial material and verbal material. These components were so-called the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad and the Phonological Loop.
its said that the capacity of stm is 7+-2 chunks, as millers study 1956 showed as showed the stm could hold approximatley 7 chunks of information at one time. IF information is to be then passed onto the ltm it requires to be rehearsed to then go into the ltm storage, if not rehearsed, info from the stm is then forgotten, through trace decay or displacement etc. The ltm storage is said to have an unlimited capacity, unlimited duration and encodes mainly semanticly, taking rememberance of informantion with meaning.evidence supporting the multistore memory model would be the brain study of HM, which involved someone who had their hippocampi removed and couldnt transfer information from their stm to their ltm even though he could remember info from a few seconds ago. This supports it as it shows evidence of the seperate memory stores and how information goes through stages and needs to be rehearsed to be able to fully remember it. hm couldnt put info in his ltm but could recal it after a few seconds, evidenlty showing the seperate stores of stm and ltm.
T F One of the major barriers to effective communication is that the brain can process words much faster than a speaker can talk. 10. T F According to your textbook, when focusing your listening, you should concentrate on a speaker’s main points, evidence, and technique. Multiple Choice Quiz Indicate the best answer for each of the following questions by circling the correct
Also they did not make mistakes in the answers as the number of digits increased. The two components of the WMM that were used were the central executive for answering questions and the phonological loop for the digit repeating task. However it was a lab experiment therefore it is replicable so it is more reliable although, it lacks mundane realism so the results cannot be generalised to everyday situations as we do not use the dual task technique in our everyday lives. More evidence comes from the case study of KF. KF was a brain damaged patient from a motorcycle accident which had damaged his short term memory.