Using material from item A and elsewhere, assess different Marxist views of the relationship between crime and social class. (21) The traditional Marxists believe that the main cause of crime is the capitalist society. They believe that crime is inevitable because capitalism is criminogenic, by it’s very nature it causes crime. David Gordon argues that crime is a rational response to the capitalist system and hence it is found in all social classes, even thought the statistics make it seem to be a largely working class phenomenon,. Poverty may mean that crime is the only way that the working class can survive, as crime may e the only way that they can obtain the consumer goods encouraged by the capitalist advertising, resulting in utilitarian crimes such as theft.
Many Marxists also argue that a capitalist economic system generates crime, as economic self-interest and personal gain rather than collective well-being is encouraged. Chambliss (1976) argued; "the greed, self-interest and hostility generated by the capitalist system motivate many crimes at all levels within society." The Marxist view that the laws made by the state represent the interests of the ruling class is perhaps a little narrow as the vast majority of laws actually protect the lives of all members of society, not just the ruling classes. For example; laws against 'breaking and entering' protect all stratas in society. Marxist views also appear to be arguing that as laws
It wasn’t until shortly after his death that Karl Marx’s ideology began to significantly influence socialist movements. Although relatively unknown during his lifetime he has become one of the fundamental economic and sociological figures of the modern era. Many of his theories and insights into the way society functions are still relevant in the expanding capitalist society that exists today. Marx was very critical of capitalism and the division in society between the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes, attempting to highlight the injustice and exploitation of the working class by the wealthy upper and middle class. Marx predicted that capitalism within a socioeconomic system would inevitably create internal tensions between social classes leading to its demise and replacement by a new system, communism.
Durkheim sees anomie as responsible for the world’s disorder of economics- the lack of morality and regulation resulted in overpowering the weak; thus, he feels that only norms can prevent the abuse of power and calls for regulation and equal opportunity from birth- the greater the equal opportunity the less need for restraint. Marx looked at how capitalism separated humanity by making work a simple means of individual existence. In addition he describes society in terms of class and economic conflicts. Marx saw proletariat or people of a working class as being underneath the bourgeoisie or the capitalist of a modern society. Marx looked at how alienation of production of commodities by workers also leads to alienation of social life.
He was influenced by Aristotle’s view that humans, like all objects in this realm, have a specific purpose. He argued supreme good is experienced when we fulfil our purpose. It was argued that our supreme good is ‘eudaimonia’ or ‘wellbeing’. So, if we have in mind living such a lifestyle, influenced by reason when making moral decisions then are we not more likely to make the right moral decisions? The second is the Divine law which is important to this issue as it reflects the eternal law as it appears to us through revelation.
Code of Ethics Comparison between AACC and ACA When considering similarities and differences of ethical codes one should perhaps begin by clarifying what ethics are as well as the purpose of a code of ethics. In the profession of counseling one might consider the statement from Corey, Corey, and Callanan which reads, “The primary purpose of a code of ethics is to safeguard the welfare of clients by providing what is in their best interest” (Corey et al., 2011 p.9). While this is not the only purpose a code of ethics serves, it is the one that best takes into account one important consideration in counseling which is “Do no harm" (Sossin, n.d.). “Ethics codes are also designed to safeguard the public and to guide the professionals in their work so that they can provide the best service possible” (Corey et al.,2011 p.9). The AACC or American Association of Christian Counselors is intended; as the name implies, for those counselors practicing with Christianity as their spiritual emphasis while the ACA
Assessment on the view that the education system serves to maintain a capitalist society. Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of capital, such as businesses and organisations. This means there are two types of people the bourgeoisie (the rich business owners) and the workers, one group of people hold the wealth. The question suggests that the education system moulds its students into maintaining a capitalist society. I shall asses points for and against this argument and conclude.
Running head: CODE OF ETHICS COMPARISON Similarities and Differences between the American Counseling Association and the American Association of Christian Counselors Abstract Professional Codes of Ethic are written and implemented to provide structure for professional counselors and protection for their clients. The specifics of ethics codes are: promote the welfare of the consumer, doing no harm, acting ethically and responsibily, practice within the scope of one’s competence, avoid exploitation and unhold the integrity of the profession by striving for aspirational practice (Feldman, 2011). Ethics codes are very important in organizations. The two codes that will be compared and contrasted in this paper are the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the American Association of Christian Counselors. These codes share similarities in that the both are written to protect the client and set specific guidelines for effective professional counseling.
1. How can professional codes of ethics help marketers to make the correct choice? Professional codes of ethics offer direction to marketers to make the correct choice. The American Marketing Association’s Code of Ethics for Professional Conduct provides marketers with conceptual guidance regarding ethical values such as honesty and fairness and the rights and duties of parties in the exchange process. The AMA code asks members to apply the basic rule of professional ethics, which is to not knowingly do harm.
a) Analyse the important features of Deontology or Natural Moral Law. b) To what extent is the selected theory persuasive? a) Natural Moral Law is an absolutist, deontological and objective ethical theory which states that every living thing has a God given purpose which must be fulfilled in order to reach God in heaven. It was originally proposed by Saint Thomas Aquinas but has since been associated with the Roman Catholic Church. Aquinas’ Natural Moral Law was developed from the ancient ideas of Aristotle and other stoic philosophers like Cicero, who all claimed that humans have an inherent and rational sense of right and wrong.