Some children may ‘play up’ in response to the stress of the life change. They may regress and develop less mature behaviour such as being unable to dress themselves or use the toilet. School age children tend to adjust to a new baby easier than younger children do. However, they may worry about where they will fit in when the new baby arrives. They may feel jealous of the attention the new baby is getting.
Isolation Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation Late Adulthood: Ego-integrity vs. Despair According to him, a child will go through each of these stages. In each stage, a child will go through a conflict. For example, from age 0 to 1.5, a child will struggle to create trust in their environment. If they fail to create this trust, they develop mistrust.
Children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency of their caregiver(s). If trust develops successfully, the child gains confidence and security in the world around him and is able to feel secure even when threatened. Unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an inability to trust, and therefore a sense of fear about the inconsistent world. It may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an over feeling of mistrust in the world around them. Early Childhood (2 to 3 years): Autonomy versus shame and doubt .
Next, is stage three initiative versus guilt parallels Freud’s phallic stage, describes young children as struggling with dynamics of power and sexuality. According to Erikson’s he describes the third stage as children “on the make,” as they vigorously seek to make the world cohere to their own, sometimes egocentric, wants and viewpoints. The fourth of the eight stages industry versus inferiority signifies a child movement into a more open world of socialization, that is, in schooling. Although, developing their skills in using tools and the emergence of social roles is of significant importance during this stage. In stage five according to Erikson adolescence ushers, identity versus role confusion forms.
An anxious/ambivalent style is more complex because it is fostered by inconsistent treatment by the parent/caregiver. One time they can be loving and attentive, and another time indifferent or rejecting, which is not only inconsistent, but also unpredictable. (Wood, J. T., 2006)
2.2 Any form of prejudice and discrimination can have a severe negative effect throughout a person’s life. Being undervalued by peers can make a person feel isolated and lonely. A child’s confidence and self esteem will become less and less the more they are discriminated against. They will start not wanting to be involved in activities, stop putting their hand up to ask questions. This in turn will affect their learning and ability to interact.
Erikson believed that there are eight developmental stages in a person’s life, that at each stage a person is challenged by a psychosocial crisis and that their personality is shaped on how they deal with those psychosocial crises (Norman 2003). Erikson’s claims that there are eight developmental stages in a person’s lifespan, each stage being a heavy turning point with can lead to many outcomes. The first stage is called Trust v Mistrust which starts at birth and ends when the child is year old, when the infant is fully dependant on their caregivers for basic necessities and as well as forming the initial attachment. This stage determines whether the infant can trust the environment that is now lives in. During the second and third year of a child’s life is where he/she are faced with certain responsibilities, at this stage the child begins to learn how to dress, feed, bathe and use the toilet, where they become responsible for their efforts to achieve goals.
Children of this age tend to be very impulsive. Their brains have not yet reached a balance. This is due to the “immaturity of the prefrontal cortex” [ (Berger, 2011) ]. This can lead children to make decisions without thinking about them fully or considering the consequences that could take place. At this time period children do not have the capability to use reason.
Julia, Seth, and children who have abusive childhoods all found a way to cope with their problems BUT NOT SOLVE THEM. They are able to be “separated from everything familiar,” and be “pushed into a new state of consciousness” (Armstrong 25). The issue however that arises from dissociation is that these people are unable to grasp reality. They are unsure of what is right and what is wrong sometimes and do not understand why this happens. Many people who do not realize these dissociative experiences are greatly affected.
If the child is powerless to the situation, or is in no position to conduct an argument, the child would be mistaken, resulting in another two possible outcomes. One, if the child is of a younger age, he will feel unjustly treated, but will let it pass. Two, if it is a teenager, he or she might hold a grudge against the parent, complicating issues. They will then be at an emotional war. But most of the times its the insecurity of the parents especially in the major chunk of the middle class population of India, that determines the decision making of the parents towards their children.