These organelles are believed to have been absorbed in early pre-eukaryotic cells and ultimately developed a symbiotic relationship with the host cell over time. Essentially, mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to be distant relatives of ancient, free-living prokaryotes, that sometime in the past, they were cells themselves. There is compelling evidence supporting this hypothesis. Bacteria routinely absorb other smaller bacteria and sometimes these are not fully digested. This is one of the main pieces of evidence used to support endosymbiosis.
The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes A. Prokaryotes are indispensable links in the recycling of chemical elements in ecosystems 1. Prokaryotes play essential roles in Earth’s biogeochemical cycles, e.g., decomposers break down and recycle organic compounds in dead organisms. Autotrophs make organic compounds that form the foundation for many food webs. They can metabolize inorganic molecules, make oxygen for the atmosphere, and fix nitrogen that becomes a nitrogen source for amino acids and nucleic acids. B.
Endosymbiotic Theory Ninna Baer DeVry University Do you believe that organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were once bacterial cells? Well evidence states it to be true, and known as the Endosymbiotic Theory. According to scientists, the Endosymbiotic Theory states “organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts had originally been bacteria that were taking into larger bacteria by endocytosis and not digested” (Swire 2011). Endocytosis is “a process in which a cell takes materials by engulfing them and fusing them with its membrane” (Swire 2011). The cells from which these bacteria came from would have to have had a symbiotic relationship (Swire 2011).
Acquisitions of these signals by the transferred genes enabled their expression in the host cytosol and sometimes resulted in the replacement of a host gene by a bacterial homolog, a process known as endosymbiotic gene replacement. In a next evolutionary stage, transferred genes acquired sequences encoding targeting signals (e.g., via exon shuffling) that allowed their protein products to be imported into the mitochondrion or the primary plastid. Most proteins targeted to mitochondria and primary plastids carry N-terminal transit peptides that are later removed in the organelle matrix. Mitochondria and primary plastids are surrounded by two membranes. Consequently, their import machineries are composed of two translocons: one for the outer membrane and the other for the inner
Fritjof Capra Nadir Sidiqi ID: UD08363SAU Nadir Sidiqi ID: UD08363SAU The Hidden Connection This essay is about the basic unit of life cell and biological composition of the human body and its functions within the human body and interaction of the human to its surrounding environment and ecosystem based on many researchers and scientific literature. Let’s begin with the cell which is the basic unit of life and how these cells form together is a group called tissues. The biology, components which function within the cells or tissues are operating with organized management. This basic unit of a life cell could be a single cell such as bacteria or multiple cells such as animals and plants. According to the author of the book “The Hidden Connections” Mr. Fritjof Capra and other related scientists which explain in a marvelous form about the nature of life, the nature of the mind, consciousness, and the nature of social reality.
“ A cycle is a biological pathway or process in which the end product of one cycle becomes the starting point for the next. Write an essay about cycles in biology.” Plants and animals need nitrogen to synthesise proteins and nucleic acids. The nitrogen cycle is how nitrogen is converted into a useable form and then passed on between different living organisms and the non-living environment. The first stage of the nitrogen cycle is nitrogen fixation where the nitrogen gas from the environment is turned into ammonia by bacteria called Rhizobium, which are found in the root nodules of leguminous plants. They form a mutualistic relationship with the plants, they provide the plant with nitrogen and the plants provide them with carbohydrates.
When a food source is available certain Naegleria modify to become trophozoites to feed. While in trophozoite state the cytoplasm is stimulated to form pseudopods or feet to latch on, and an opening of the membrane is created. This opening in the membrane allows the food particles, along with drops of water, to enter the cell, where they are enclosed in bubble-like chambers called food vacuoles (Amoeba 1). Interestingly, the opening is where food is digested by enzymes and absorbed in the cell. The food source of the Naegleria family is typically bacteria, algae, and other protozoa.
The most significant mode of vector-borne disease transmission is by biological transmission by blood-feeding arthropods. Protozoans include a large number of pathogenic parasitic species, which infect a wide range of hosts including humans (Martin, et al., 2012). Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, which display characteristics associated with animals, most common being mobility and heterotrophy. The protozoans are a very diverse group. A common basis for dividing the protozoans is locomotion.
Depending on if the cell is an animal cell or a plant cell. | | Cytoskeleton | Cytoskeleton has intercellular proteins that help the cell maintain its shape and with helps with movement. | The word skeleton in Cytoskeleton reminds me of the meaning. | K Key Idea | I Information | M Memory Clue | Ribosomes | Ribosomes are protein builders. | The word Ribosomes remind me of Ribs.
The Analysis of Shellfish Muscel Proteins in Regard to Evolutionary Change Ramin Baimaninejad Lazia Leon-Guerrero Claire Edwards Michael Yacoub BIOL&212L Abstract: When observing the morphology of mussels, scallops, oysters, and clams one can observe the similarities in physical structure; the question is posed as to whether these traits are due to convergent evolution or genetic similarities. To better understand the evolutionary relationships between the shellfish muscle protein analysis was performed to find similarities and differences between the organisms. Samples of isolated proteins were extracted from the four stated species; shrimp protein was also extracted to serve as an out-group. The protein samples were analyzed via gel electrophoresis and protein mass fragments were weighed. It was found that scallops and clams had the closest relationship with a 44% protein match.