C. How are the chemical signals of insulin and glucagon received by the target cells? D. Explain the causes of diabetes mellitus type I and type II. (1) Answer A: Prolonged stress is conveyed to neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain. The hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone, which is secreted into the blood supply of the anterior pituitary gland. This causes the anterior pituitary gland to produce and secrete a hormone (adrenocorticotropic hormone) that travels through the circulatory system.
Comparing the nervous system to the hormonal system http://www.scienceclarified.com/He-In/Hormones.html 1. What are hormones? Hormones are chemicals messages produced by one tissue in an organism and then secreted to other tissues in the organism, which produce a response; 2. Describe the ways that a hormone brings about a change in the activity of its target cell. Plant hormones; auxins are regulated in order to release chemicals to coordinate growth due to the lack of the nervous system using the process phototropism.
We will detect how long it takes for amylase to react and break down the starch. Lipase is the enzyme that hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. To follow the reaction, we take advantage of the fact that fats are neutral, while fatty acids are acidic. The release of fatty acids from fats by hydrolysis will increase the acidity of the reaction mixture. This change can be observed by using the indicator dye phenol red, which is useful for measuring pH values.
It is released in response to stress and low levels of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system and aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism. Cortisol is released in pulses, following the pulsatile release of ACTH. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal gland in the zona fasciculata, the second of three layers comprising the outer adrenal cortex. This release is controlled by the hypothalamus.
The Biology of Pancreatic Cancer Description Pancreatic cancer begins in the tissues of your pancreas, a pear-shaped gland located in the abdomen between the stomach and the spine. Its duty is to secrete enzymes that aid digestion and hormones that help regulate the metabolism of sugars. The pancreas is made up of two major components- exocrine and the endocrine. The exocrine component of the pancreas pancreatic fluid that contains digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine. These enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
To confirm the diagnosis, blood tests will be done, which include: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This hormone is made in the pituitary gland in the brain. It is released into the bloodstream. It stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroxine. If the level of thyroxine in the blood is low, then the pituitary gland releases high TSH.
Alcohol and Caffeine vs. Daphnia heart rate Abstract This experiment was performed to observe the effects of alcohol and caffeine on the heart rate of a Daphnia magna. There was a control group used along with the alcohol and caffeine to make sure we got accurate results. It was predicted that the increasing concentrations of alcohol would decrease heart rate and the increasing concentrations of caffeine would increase heart rate, based on pervious experiments. The results of this experiment proved the predictions to be valid and helped to make educated decisions about the effects of alcohol and caffeine in any living organism. Introduction Caffeine is a stimulant and diuretic.
2. Explain how fosinopril works – include in your answer what physiological process the drug acts on and how it modifies this process. Normally in the body, the kidneys are able to assist in blood pressure regulation via the renin-angiotensin system, a system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. As blood pressure declines, renin enzymes are able to convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) then converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor which also stimulates sodium reabsorption. As sodium ions attract water, water is also retained which increase blood volume and therefore blood pressure (Marieb & Hoehn, 2012).
Trypsin is a serine protease found in the digestive system of many vertebrates, where it hydrolyses proteins. Trypsin is produced in the pancreas. I'm thinking as it's an enzyme, it's most likely to be denatured at high temperatures, but if the temperature is at it's optimum then it would speed the rate of reaction, in this case hydrolysis and form a greater amount of product per unit time. * Trypsin is an enzyme which breaks down protein * If Trypsin is added to milk it will break down the milk, turning it from cloudy to translucent protease enzyme that is made in the pancreas and used to digest proteins so that the body can absorb them into the blood. The pancreatic duct in people who have cystic fibrosis frequently becomes blocked, reducing or preventing the release of pancreatic enzyme into the small intestine One enzyme can be used as many times over.
Sometimes dissolved molecules are at a higher concentration inside the cell than outside but are still absorbed because the organism needs these molecules/ions. Carrier proteins ‘carry’ the specific needed molecules/ions and take them through the cell membrane up the concentration gradient, with the help of energy from the mitochondria. Some examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants. Also the gills of marine fish have cells that can remove salt from the body by pumping it into the salt water. Another case of active transport is when the thyroid gland cells bring in iodine for use in producing hormones.