Social-Cognitive Learning Theory: From Miller to Bandura and Beyond The Social-Cognitive learning theory is based off a collaboration of many psychologists work and ideas, it is based on the concepts that we learn (and gain our personalities) by watching how others react to their environment. The original concept originated from psychologists N.E Miller and J. Dollard in the early 1940’s. In the mid 1950’s American psychologist Julian Rotter drifted from the theories of psychoanalysis and behaviourism and wrote on social learning theories. In the 1960’s a Canadian psychologist, Albert Bandura, expanded on theories and became the leading architect of social cognitive theory (Santrock, 2011, p. 27). In 1941 N.E Miller and associate J. Dollard proposed that one could learn a behavior by observing that behavior in others.
Therefore, deontologists follow the belief that certain actions are inherently good if they follow the stated rules even if the action has bad consequences, it can still be defined as moral. In contrast, teleological ethical systems focus completely on the outcomes and consequences of an act. Teleology is a theory of ethics according to which the rightness of an act is determined by it's end. Also known as consequentialism, actions that result in what can be considered as a good consequence must be good and so the end result will justify the reason that the act was committed in the first place. Both deontological and teleological ethical systems use opposing ethical guides yet they both have the same aim, to help people make moral decisions.
Adlerian Theory and Models of Counseling Paper April Hinton CCMH/506 May 12, 2014 Dr. Tony Floda Adlerian Theory and Models of Counseling Paper This paper will summarize the link between Adlerian theory, early psychodynamic theory, and contemporary family systems. This summary will include Adler’s greatest contribution to modern psychology. This paper will reference important influences that the personality development had on Adler. This paper will provide an example of a treatment plan from an Adlerian approach used in response to a case study on subject Darnell Yardley. Alfred Adler Alfred Adler was a follower of Sigmund Freud but separated himself because he thought that Freud’s views were too strongly influence by sexual instincts.
Compare and contrast the work of Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on understanding attachment. Within attachment theory, attachment is an affectional bond or tie between an individual and an attachment figure. The theory of attachment was first introduced into psychology by the eminent psychologist John Bowlby in the 1940’s and 1950’s. Both Harlow and Ainsworth’s research was a direct result of previous attachment studies by Bowlby. His findings into attachment radically challenged the prevalent behaviourist theory of Watson of learned infant attachment in response to constant stimuli and the psychoanalytical theory of Freud that attachment was based on biological needs or ‘cupboard love’ theories as unreliable.
May 21, 2014 ETH/216 Ethics Essay Virtue ethics emphasize the roles of a person characters and what they embody for determining their ethical behavior. Virtue ethics places an importance on developing good character traits, instead of focusing on a set of rules that one should follow. Through virtue ethics, a person can break bad habits that they have acquired over period of time. The virtue ethics theory allows a person to realize their motives behind their decisions, which in return helps them to correct things in terms of morality. The utilitarianism theory focuses on the proper action being taken in order to maximize the total benefit and reducing the possibility of negativity.
Personality psychologists claimed that one of the most profound challenges is to account for personality development, that’s why they put this into a study whether an individual’s behavior are caused by heredity or the environment, this study is known as the “nature” and “nurture”. First, the nature suggests that human behavior is driven mostly by biology (evolution, genetics, brain chemistry, and hormones). In contrast, the nurture suggests that behavior is driven mostly by psychosocial environment (for example, how we were raised, our peers, the situations we are in at present). Both nature and nurture contribute to who an individual is, but to better comprehend the nature versus nurture debate, we should look at the essential characteristics that make up this controversy. Humans are unique and highly-intricate creatures.
Logan Mills Ann Repp 63605 10/27/11 The Implementation of Kohlberg’s Stages Moral development is a major topic of interest in psychology and education. Moral development consists of several dimensions, these being judgment, behavior, and emotion. Moral judgment and behavior tend to be confused with each other. Know that moral judgment differs significantly from moral behavior. Moral judgment is the ability to evaluate the righteousness of a hypothetical action while moral behavior refers to one’s ability to act moral in actual situations.
It was referred to as phrenology, and is primarily concerned with the localization of brain function. Franz Josef Gall was a phrenologist who could prove his theory of contra lateral function which believed that the right side of the brain controlled the left side of the body and vice versa. New innovative advancements during the 19th century allowed for new clinical studies to be performed that allowed scientists and psychologists to study individuals with mental illnesses and brain damage. If we wouldn’t had the advancements in the 19th century scientists and psychologists would have continued to struggle to prove theories on the basis of ideas rather than scientific evidence. Conclusion The history of todays psychology has been influenced by many important people throughout time.
Foundations of Psychology PSY/ 300 9/15/2014 In today’s society, there are many foundations of psychology. The major schools of psychology are Functionalism, structuralism, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic, and cognitive Psychology. In this paper, I will examine the many different factors that help play crucial roles in the lives of human beings through culture and biology. The first known school of thought in psychology is structuralism. According to our text, psychology sixth addition Titchener (1867-1927) describes structuralism as an attempt to use introspection as a method for uncovering the basin elements of consciousness and the way they combine with each other into ideas (Kawaiski
The roots of psychology can be traced to the ancient philosopher based on their early records to understand psychology. The earliest roots of modern psychology can be traced to two different approaches to human behaviour: philosophy and physiology (see Figure 1.2). Philosophy explores and attempts to explain human nature through introspection or self-examination