Effects of Media on Body Image

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Holmstrom (2004) examined the effects of media on body image. Eating disorders are often blamed on media exposure and celebrity worship of thinness. Holmstrom (2004) stated the incidence of eating disorders are increasing in non-English speaking countries. The claim that media causes eating disorders has sparked numerous studies to determine if a relationship exists. Holmstrom (2004) indicated that research has not only considered the cause of eating disorders, but media influence on eating pathology, body dissatisfaction, and body size estimation. Body dissatisfaction and body size estimation concepts are defined as “body image” for the analysis (Holmstrom, 2004, p. 196). Several theoretical models have been used when determining media influence on body image. Holmstrom (2004) referenced Festinger’s social comparison theory. Social comparison theory identified that individuals determine their value by comparing themselves with others who are more like them. Further, body comparisons are more likely to occur between individuals who are similar and considered attractive. Social comparisons are intended to motivate the individual to improve if she discovers herself lacking (Holmstrom, 2004). According to social comparison theory, media and body image comparisons could have negative impacts. Holmstrom (2004) recalled Gerbner’s cultivation theory postulates the increased television watching creates a belief the television depicts real life senerios. Therefore, since thin people are on television people begin to believe that thinness is realistic and ideal. A third theoretical approach is Bandura’s social cognitive theory (Holmstrom, 2004). Social Cognitive theory expressed that behaviors of others are learned and modeled. Holmstrom (2004) concluded that young women try to imitate the thin models they believe are attractive. Further, women will try to

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