Discuss Whether Per Capita Income Is an Accurate Indicator of ‘Development’

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The development of a country can be a strong measure of how well it is being run. This essay will delve into whether income per capita is a good measure of development, if other factors should be considered when measuring development, as well as how other factors should be weighted when constructing a development index. Per capita income is defined as the total national income divided by the number of people that live in the country (Islam, 1996). When a country has a high per capita income it can give an idea of how economically strong they are. Countries with a high per capita income tend to have better living standards, higher production output and more advanced infrastructure, when compared to countries with low income per capita (Kelley, 1991). In respect to the economic components of development, income per capita can compare and contrast inequality between countries. However, income per capita fails to capture certain components of development which are essential when constructing an index. Firstly, it fails to capture the real distribution of wealth among residents within an economy. Another flaw of basing development solely upon per capita income is it fails to highlight the number of people who live in poverty. This is a poor representation of development as it doesn’t give a proper portrayal of living standards and individual quality of life (Kelley, 1991). To add, per capita income alone fails to address essential health, educational, political and social factors making it an inaccurate measure of development. Krugman (1995) defines development as “a branch of geography with reference to the standard of living and quality of life of its human inhabitants. Development is a process of change that affects people's lives.” Based on this definition, it is clear that development can not be purely defined nor indicated by per capita income, and that other
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