In later research Theilgaard aimed to investigate the link between the XYY chromosome and aggression by examining the personality traits of a sample of XYY men, comparing them to XY men. The research focused on levels of aggression in the two groups, but found that the only characteristic that was shared by all XYY men was their above-average height. Levels of aggression fluctuated, so no definitive conclusions could be drawn. Overall, research in this area lacks reliability and has shown no consistent link between genotype and aggressive behaviour. Also much of the research used samples of prison inmates so could be criticised as lacking population validity.
Outline and evaluate the Biological approach to gender development The biological approach to gender development tells us that sex determines if an individual is genetically a male or female but that gender determines your own feelings about who you are as a person, either masculine or feminine, and this is due to the differences in their brains. This usually is due to the chromosomes a person has or hormonal differences. Every individual has 23 pairs of chromosomes. Women have 2 X chromosomes while men have an X and a Y chromosome. As an embryo, a male’s Y chromosome starts to produce testosterone and other male sex hormones.
This hormone was investigated by Dabbs et al, where testosterone levels in prisoners where compared to the level of crime committed. There was a significant link between the nature of the crime and the amount of testosterone found in the body (the higher the level of testosterone found the more aggressive the crime eg murder, rape). This supported the biological approach, however it was only a concordance rate and no direct affect can be established. This approach supports Darwins theory of evolution suggesting humans and animals have evolved biologically, meaning animals higher on the evolutionary tree are genetically similar to humans, eg monkeys and apes. The biological approach showed to be a strong explanation for many topic areas in psychology, one of which is gender
Which side of the debate is more influential? The answer is still to be found. One of the important studies that had been carried out whether certain personality traits were results of their genes or of their environment; Sources of Human Psychological Differences, the Minnesota Study of separated Twins at birth. This famous study of identical twins born of the same egg, fertilised of the same sperm – Thomas Bouchard of the University of Minnesota. Studying identical twins who were
An example of this are the distinct sexual organs that children are born with to associate them anatomically with a gender. In addition, geneders are further differentiated when other sexual characteristic begin to display during puberty. Chemical messenger compounds known as hormones are what coordinates the appearance of such physical differences. There is research that suggests that the same sex hormones which create sexual organ differenciation in utero, and also that trigger puberty later in life may also play in important role in determining gender identity. Males normally have more of the male sex hormones called androgens than females.
Essay Plan Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia 1. Describe in some detail the genetic factors- family studies- Gottesman found that schizophrenia is more common among biological relatives of a person with schizophrenia and also that the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk. For instance, children with 2 schizophrenic parents have a concordance rate of 46%, children of one schizophrenic parent 13% and siblings 9%. Although this could be due to common rearing patterns or other factors not relating to heredity. Twin studies- Joseph calculated concordance rates of 40.4% for MZ twins and 7.4% for DZ twins.
Police chiefs recognize that death penalty cases are particularly burdensome in the early stages. Two-thirds of the police chiefs polled said that death penalty cases are hard to close and take up a lot of police time” (15). So in essence, the cost of man-power in capital cases is very high, however over time it costs millions less than keeping a criminal imprisoned for life. It is said that capital cases leading to the death penalty cost approximately sixty thousand dollars a year for six years while life imprisonment cases cost thirty-four thousand a year for around sixty years (Costanzo 15). Personally, I don’t want my hard earned tax money being used to keep a vicious criminal alive.
Due to its irregularities in shape and uniqueness to an individual, it is of most interest and significance in forensic identification.³¹ Belaldavar et al. (2016) conducted a study on an Indian population to assess frontal sinus as an aid for sexing and found that the mean values of the frontal sinus height, width and area are greater in males. Moreover, the right frontal sinus was larger than the left sinus in both male and female. The logistic regression analysis indicates that sex was accurately determined up to 64.6%.³² In another study, Uthman et al.,(2010) used CT scan of frontal sinus on Iraqi population to assess sex and found an accuracy of 76.9% using discriminant functional analysis. Nevertheless, when frontal sinus measurement was combined
This may conclude that males would ace motor skills while females excel analytical and intuitive thinking. Nature of Female Brains According to “How Male and Female Brains Differ”, disparities within the brain can be found even when a child is still inside the womb (26 weeks in pregnancy). In the female brain, researchers found, using imaging technology, when tested with sound waves only the left hemisphere was active within the male brain, but in the female brain both hemispheres were active. In result, females may display stronger language and motor skill over males. The production of estrogen also affects
Dopamine affects the sanguine type while estrogen influences the phlegmatic type. Testosterone affects the choleric type with serotonin affecting the melancholic type. Each of the four temperaments is the result of an excess of one of the humors or chemicals being produced in the body. What is the difference between character and temperament? Some scientists believe that fifty percent of the variations in human personality are defined by genetic factors.