Essay Plan Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia 1. Describe in some detail the genetic factors- family studies- Gottesman found that schizophrenia is more common among biological relatives of a person with schizophrenia and also that the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk. For instance, children with 2 schizophrenic parents have a concordance rate of 46%, children of one schizophrenic parent 13% and siblings 9%. Although this could be due to common rearing patterns or other factors not relating to heredity. Twin studies- Joseph calculated concordance rates of 40.4% for MZ twins and 7.4% for DZ twins.
* Question 1 4 out of 4 points | | | A male is heterozygous for the trait that produces freckles on the skin, and he has freckles. If he marries a woman who is also heterozygous for freckles, ______ percent of their children will be freckled and __________ percent of their children will be heterozygous.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | 75% freckled, 50% heterozygous | | | | | * Question 2 4 out of 4 points | | | In humans, having dimples in the cheeks is a dominant trait. If a child has dimples but only one of her parents does, what are the genotypes of her parents?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | one parent must be dd, the other parent could be either Dd or DD | | | | | * Question 3 4 out of 4 points | | | _________ occurs when 50% of a protein produces a different phenotype than that produced by 100% or 0% of the protein.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Incomplete dominance | | | | | * Question 4 4 out of 4 points | | | Which of these is NOT a reason that Mendel used pea plants as a model to study inheritance?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | They cannot self-fertilize. | | | | | * Question 5 4 out of 4 points | | | The two-factor crosses performed by Mendel support the observation thatAnswer | | | | | Selected Answer: | alleles for a given trait are distributed randomly among an individual's gametes independent of the alleles for other traits. | | | | | * Question 6 4 out of 4 points | | | A couple has five sons.
Describe and evaluate the biological explanation of gender. Refer to empirical evidence in your answer. (10 marks) The assumptions of biological approach are that your sex determines your gender through your genes and chromosomes. For example, if you are a male they believe you would show masculine traits. They believe this because; when a foetus is 6 weeks it has no female or male parts until hormones start to make ovaries or testes form.
Melinda Wenner from Scientific American Mind and Benedict Carey from the New York Times both report on this study and use it to prove that birth order indeed effects IQ and therefore effects your personality. The study concluded that the eldest children tend to have IQ’s that are higher than their siblings- an average of three points higher (Carey). It also found that the difference was not because of biological factors, or genes that were inherited, but instead were the result of sociological interplay of parents and other siblings. Both articles defend the findings by explaining that eldest children teach, or tutor their younger siblings naturally. This, in turn, helps the information solidify in their minds creating room for expansion of deeper more abstract
genes | A01 Explanations/Research | Strengths | Weaknesses | | Family and Twin Studies:Evidence for the genetic basis of OCD comes from twin studies and evaluations of first degree relatives. Nastadt et al. (2000) identified 80 patients with OCD and 343 of their first degree relatives and compared them with 73 control patients without mental illness and 300 of their relatives. There was a strong familial link for the most common form of this disorder. People with a first degree relative with OCD (parents or siblings) had a five times greater risk of having the illness themselves at some time in their lives compared with the general population.A meta-analysis of 14 twin studies of OCD, including 80 identical and 29 fraternal twin pairs,
The Minnesota adoption studies, conducted by Sandra Scarr and Richard Weinberg, in 1974, actually comprised two studies. The first study was called the Transracial Adoption(TA) study. The subjects were black and interracial children raised by families that were white, particularly in the schools and culture, and it was performed to test the hypothesis that these children would score on achievement measured tests and IQ tests, as well as any other adopted child. There were 101 adoptive families with interracial makeup, who adopted 176 children, 130 of these adoptees were black. All of the adoptive parents and children adopted were unrelated.
The end verdict is that whether you are a first-born, middle-born, last-born or only child can cause a person to develop significant personality traits that may last until adulthood. In order to test if the research done on this subject is truthful, I analyzed my own family. My parents only have two children, my brother and I. My brother is two years older than me and we have completely opposite personalities. According to a research done by Frank Sulloway, where he used the Big Five personality dimensions to analyze first-borns, he declares that first-borns are more achievement oriented, antagonistic, anxious, assertive, conforming, extraverted, fearful, identified with parents, jealous, neurotic, organized, planful, responsible, self-confident, and traditional.
Some scientists believe that fifty percent of the variations in human personality are defined by genetic factors. However, personality is built of two entirely different traits, which are ones character and ones temperament. Ones character traits come from ones experiences like ones parents habits, preferences, values, expressing ones love or hate, what ones family considered normal and acceptable, what one has considered dangerous or funny as well as many other cultural aspects. Ones temperament is the balance of
Cross cultural studies on gender role have helped psychologists understand whether gender is affected by the culture a person grows up in or if it is innate behaviours that occur in all humans. There have been several different cross cultural research some suggesting social factors as an explanation for gender roles and others concluding biological factors. For example the research conducted by Williams and Best. They explored gender stereotypes with 2800 university students in 30 different nations as participants. They were each given a 300 item adjective checklist and then asked to decide whether they though it was most associated with males or females.
These Ambiguous conditions are said to be rare but, if you look at the statistics, “at least one in every two or three thousand births result in a question about the sex, add those numbers up and that equals thousands of cases per year in the United States alone (Dreger, 1993-2008).” Ann Fausto-Sterling is a professor of biology and gender studies. She developed the theory of the five sexes; males, females, merms, ferms, and herms. Males and Females are the obvious. Merms are considered Male psuedohermaphrodites; people who possess this condition have testes but hold some aspects of female genitalia externally. Ferms are defined as female psuedohermaphrodites.