Multitasking while Driving According to Alina Tugend's article "Multitasking Can Make You Lose Um Focus," multitasking may be saving time but is, inadvertently, causing more stress and is actually making the work that is being done less efficient. (Tugend, NY Times) In her article, Tugend describes multitasking as not actually "splitting your attention" but as "switching focus from one task to another." Tugend speaks on the brain's involvement with multitasking and examines what is happening as it changes focus on different tasks. The brain is not designed to simultaneously work on more than one task at a time and doing so causes you to lose focus on one of the tasks at hand. According to Tugend's source Professor Earl Miller we can do a couple of things at the same time if they are routine, but when they demand more cognitive process it hinders our brain's ability to keep up.
Trace decay theory states that forgetting occurs as a result of the automatic decay or fading of the memory trace. Trace decay theory focuses on time and the limited duration of short term memory. No one disputes the fact that memory tends to get worse the longer the delay between learning and recall, but there is disagreement about the explanation for this effect. According to the trace decay theory of forgetting, the events between learning and recall have no affect whatsoever on recall. It is the length of time the information has to be retained that is important.
The ways of knowing, emotion, reason, language and perception, when all linked together give us a minimum idea of what really happened in the world around us. People who are missing such areas of understanding and processing in their minds often suffer complex disabilities which causes them to deal with the world around them differently. Such an example are the idiot savants, who suffer from mental disorders, however these disorders have given them on extraordinary ability to memorize things they see around them at a higher than average level. Because such people only have one cortex, unlike normal people who have a division of two sections, they miss certain brain functions which would normally trigger emotions or reason. Their single cortex however, enables them to use their memory as efficiently as possible, reaching up to 98%!
Outline the multi-store model and working memory model The multi-store model of memory is when information appears in Sensory Memory if attention is given to this it transfers to Short Term Memory, if the information is then rehearsed; it appears in the Long Term Memory. If at any time attention or rehearsal is not given to the information the trace decays and so because of this, we forget, however this need for rehearsal for transference into the Long Term Memory has been criticised as some information can be retained without any form of rehearsal. Within the multi-store model of memory, both Long Term Memory and Short Term Memory differ from each other in various ways; the duration of short term memory is 18 seconds, where as the duration of long term memory is a lifetime. The capacity of short term memory is found to be 7 + OR – 2, compared to long term memory’s unlimited capacity. As far as coding is concerned, there are also differences between short term and long term memory; short term is acoustic and long term is semantic.
Dualism has largely fallen out of favour with most neuroscientists and Talvitie (2009) himself is clearly a monist. At the same time, whilst there is consensus that mind or consciousness emerges from neurophysiological processes, there remains a lack of clarity as to how this is achieved. Talvitie (2009, p 50) goes so far as to make the point that cognitive science has little doubt that unconscious matters determine our behaviour. Rather, it is the role and
So sleep provides a minimum amount of forgetting, mostly of thins we don´t need. Over the past few years people have wondered how can forgetting be overcome? This is mostly a matter of order, we need to exercise and keep on using our memory so we can reach any data at any moment we need, our credit card pin or our ID number are easier to remember than jokes, or slangs, and games it is more difficult to memorize nonsense words than meaningful words, so it could be said that material should be structured and organized in some meaningful way. In our everyday life we should be constantly remembering the things we don`t want to forget because material should be over learned, it means if you learn A and B only half as well A will be recalled more easily than B so do not be satisfied with only one complete correct learning repeat the material over and over again, so everyday material should be systematically reviewed. It could be concluded
(One important point is that Dao is not a kind of knowledge nor a set of activities, not theoretical but pre- theoretical.) Xue acts the role of the materials of Si but sometimes also can enlighten a person which will result in a overwhelming improvement on his process of self-cultivating. In Analects 15.31, Confucius says that the progress gained from a short-term learning (Xue) is bigger than that gained from a long-time arduous utopian thinking (Si without Xue). Moreover, Xue can normalize one’s path towards Dao, which means it can prevent a human from riding into a wrong way. we can find supports from”思而不学则殆”(《论语》，2.15),which means if one just thinking without learning ,he will become in danger.
Their findings show that the outcome was that people were better at recalling the words both at the beginning and the end of the list more easily than those in the middle. This related well to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, where the words at the beginning would have gone into the LTM loop and words at the end of the list into the STM loop for rehearsal. They explained that that counting backwards displaced the last few words from the fragile STM but not affected the first few words as these were rehearsed. The recency effect disappears with a distractor task but not the primary effect suggests the two effects are the result of different memory stores. Brenda Miller made a study on a young man, HM, who had his hippocampus and parts of his temporal lobes removed.
There was a free recall test, photo recognition test and name recognition test. Results showed that free recall of names was much poorer; so people could not so easily retrieve VLTMs without a cue. His results suggested that a lot of information is stored in our memories which can only be jogged via recognition from pictures or their names being said, rather than just a recall test where you’d have no visual cues. So recognition helps people remember things much more easily and for longer. Petersons STM study was argued to be high in internal validity, and this was mainly due to the fact that instructions to participants were standardised, repetitions of consonants or tridiagrams was prevented and extraneous variables were controlled, thus meaning the experiment had high internal validity and also made it easier to replicate.
Article 2 The Missing “Soft Skills” for Project Controls Singh, Rohit. ACCE International Transactions(2005): DE11 – DE12 This article is about “The Missing “Soft Skills” for Project Controls”. According to Singh, Rohit(2005) a lot of project management and control programs provide the necessary management and technical skills but miss the important soft skills. Soft Skills are invaluable but are missed. These soft skills are: Basic Skills: Because of our educational system, most of us have not improved our reading skills further than college level.