Sorob Wadood p. 2 FRQ Rewrite A. Skinners Operant Conditioning is a type of learning in which an individuals behavior is modified by its consequences; the behavior may change in form, frequency, or strength. B. Banduras social learning theory is a perspective that stated people learn through social context. It is facilitated through concepts such as observational learning and modeling. People, especially children learn from environment and through influential models. C.Ainsworths attachment theory describes long term relationships between humans.
Research evidence indicates that the use of non-physical punishment has been shown to be necessary to enhance the effectiveness of reasoning in young children and that determining child temperament is crucial for vital for developing optimal discipline strategies. It will be argued that non-corporal punishment does have a role in child rearing practice in the 21st century. The Role of Punishment in 21st Century Child Rearing Practices Burton, Weston, and Kowalski (2009) state that punishment and reinforcement are used to control behaviour through the process of operant conditioning whereby a specific behaviour (e.g., swearing) becomes associated with a consequence (e.g., time-out). Reinforcement aims to make a particular behaviour more likely to occur whereas punishment (either corporal or non-corporal) is an action that is intended to reduce the likelihood of a behaviour recurring. It can be administered in either a positive (e.g., spanking, time-out, send child to room) or negative (e.g., no dessert, loss of television privilege) approach.
Describe and evaluate the social learning theory. Refer to evidence in your answer. The social learning theory believes the our behaviour is learnt through our environmement, and that it is the people around us that teach us our behaviour. Social learning theorist believe that behaviour is learnt in steps and that factors including reinforcement, motivation as well as mediating cognitive factors, effect whether the behaviour is repeated or not. Firstly, the child observes a model displaying a certain behaviour.
Lev Vygotsky’s theory was based on social/emotional development needs to show demonstration/imagination to allow a child to progress. His belief was based on the kinaesthetic technique as he believed that when children observe someone that is more advanced than them they learn from them and imitate their actions. Lev Vygotsky“...suggested that this silent inner speech and spoken social speech are connected...” (Meggitt et al, 2012. P.80). It is critical to link his theory to practice as it encourages/allows children to communicate with other children using their social skills which they have developed and allows children to build self-confidence.
Psychodynamic theories are a mixture of inborn traits and the environment in which they live. Early experiences play a critical part in the future of children. Sigmund Freud believed that children are always at war with their inner being do to sexual and aggressive impulses. Theorists also believe that when children grow when they are able to resolve the inner conflicts. This makes them more self aware of who they really are.
Theoretical Basis and Research Attachment theory explains the role that the dynamic relationship between a child and caregiver plays in shaping an individual’s interpersonal relationships (Bowlby, 1969). One of the central tenets of attachment theory is the concept that children form internal working models of attachment based on the children’s thoughts about themselves and the children’s expectation about their caregiver’s availability and responsiveness (Bowlby, 1973). Working models allow children to develop cognitive schemas about themselves and others in order to predict and plan for the responsiveness of the caregiver. Early attachment relationships teach children how to regulate internal and external stimulation. In response to fear, children develop patterned behaviors in order to manage the stress, difficulty, and overwhelming situations.
Outline one Social Psychological Theory of Aggression Aggression is the intent to harm someone through verbal or physical actions. Bandura was the founder of Social Learning Theory (SLT) which suggests that children learn aggressive behaviour by observing other’s acting aggressively. They learn through either direct reinforcement, where the individual themselves are rewarded or punished for their own behaviour, or through watching others being rewarded or punished for their aggressive acts, (vicarious reinforcement). As a result, aggressive behaviour may repeat if a child receives a reward or witnesses a role model getting positively reinforced after committing an aggressive act and consequently imitates this behaviour to also seek the reward. SLT is supported by Bandura et al (1963), who found that children who observed an adult role model behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll were more likely to reproduce these behaviours when later allowed to interact with the doll alone, children even improvised their own violent methods towards the doll.
Treatment planning includes a balance of both trauma and behavioral focal point, working on ongoing behavioral problems and behavioral crises, modify distorted thinking so that families could have the knowledge to transfer, and children can learn how to talk through their experiences. Results: Cognitive therapy also incorporated with behavioral therapy practice to manage the behavioral regulation problems that commonly happens in traumatized children. Conclusions: Treating trauma related behavioral problems is a crucial part of trauma-focused treatment and is achievable if practice is done accordingly. This practice is important due to the common nature of behavioral dilemma in traumatized children (Cohen, 2007). CBT 3 Cognitive behavioral therapy is generally psychotherapy and behavioral therapy combined.
According to MUS behaviorism is a development theory that measures observable behaviors produced by a learner’s response to stimuli. The learning process for this learning theory is simple. Instead of paying attention to what is going on inside the person or animal, a behaviorist “observes the responses and then manipulates the environment to bring about the intended change” (Bastable, 2011). This theory is more likely to be used in a combination with other learning theories. There are many assumptions of behaviorists.
Explanations for how cognitive processes work are known as information processing theories or models. This model suggests that information is added from the environment into the mind of students. If the students are paying attention that information will register and then goes to the short term memory and later encoded to the long term memory where it can be retrieved at a later time. Based on this model, I now realize that demonstrations allow me to encode information to my long term memory as a result learning takes place. According to B.F Skinner learning and motivation to learn are caused by external forces.