P3: Describe the potential effects of discriminatory practice on those who use health or social care services. Include the following and look at how they can result in a loss of right: Marginalisation is one of the effects of discriminatory practice. It is a social division of some people from the large society. People are separated from the society because of their age, disability, culture or social class. If people are separated from the society they will feel isolated and could lead to depression, anxiety, eating disorders, financial problems and/or health problems.
Define the epidemiological paradox regarding Latino death rates. What factors do you think account for this? The epidemiological paradox regarding Latino culture is in relation to the low mortality rates among Latinos in the United States, as compared to their white counterparts. This is particularly interesting because this population tends to have a lower socioeconomic status and yet is resilient to how these factors affect their health outcomes. Some of the factors that can contribute to this epidemiological paradox can include the integral family structures and community institutions that are a part of these households.
This will further play into the conclusion. The variables that are independent in the study are some of the demographics of the members in the population. The demographics vary from all ages, ethnicities, and social background. The dependent variable is the severity of the PTSD in the patients. With further study, there is a trend that patients with lower income had a higher risk of PTSD, possibly confirming that the less income, the less opportunity to receive needed
This is usually based on factors such as income, ownership of property and occupation. People in the lower groupings of social class might not be able to change their behaviour after seeing health education campaigns because they have experienced the poorest health in society, they might believe that they have little control over their health, they might not be able to afford to make changes to their health lifestyle and they could find it harder to access health services (for example there could be less GP services in lower social class areas). People in higher social classes are more likely to be influenced by health campaigns because of money, time and understanding of health campaigns (people of higher social classes spend more years in
Indeed, Lee Price, a research director at the Economic Policy Institute, said that ethnic minorities and lower class people are affected in their jobs and above all in the way they succeed in life. In fact, people face discrimination not only in society but also in the labor market. According to Devah Pager, professor of sociology, people who face racial discrimination have often a higher rate of unemployment and fewer opportunities in their life. In addition, Matthew Dayna Bowen, professor at the University of Colorado, transcribed Martin Luther King Jr. who said that “of all the forms of inequality, injustice in health care is the most shocking and inhumane”. Indeed, as Jackson said, low class status leads to an increase of health problems and harmful change in people's living conditions.
Ethnic minorities are also more likely to undertake low-paid, low-skilled work, and the vicious circle that stems from this – inferior housing, poorer living standards, and substandard schools in deprived areas – is actually partly caused by the welfare state system, which institutionalises this discrimination. The unique problems faced by ethnic minorities must be addressed individually, and until recently social policy has failed to do this. Furthermore, the emphasis on tackling crime that has underpinned New Labour's social policy and that of the previous Conservative governments has impacted on ethnic minorities due to the often discriminatory nature of initiatives to cut crime. The ‘stop and search' programme is unfairly targeted toward black youths, to the extent that many believe being black is tantamount to a social problem (McGhee, 2005). Such flaws in British social policy have undoubtedly contributed to a growing sense of isolation amongst ethnic minority groups, and thus it could be argued that social policy is often more harmful than
The reasons for these inequalities are linked with socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender and the geographical area in which people live. There is also statistical evidence which highlights the fact that Maori, Pacific Islanders and people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are dying at a younger age and generally have poorer health than other New Zealanders (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2002). The Reducing Inequalities in Health report (MOH, 2002) states that the primary causes of health inequality in New Zealand are directly related to the distribution of and access to resources such as income, education, employment and housing. The report also states that another major influence on this inequality in health is the difference in how and when people access health care services and how that care may differ between those receiving the services. This is also said to have a significant impact both on peoples’ health status and mortality rates.
3. Psycho Social Influences * What are the psychological and Social causes for this inequality in health E.G. Why is heart disease more prevalent in lower socioeconomic groups? What are the direct and indirect influences on this inequality? * Structure * Housing * Education * Employment * Geographical and Social Isolation * Poverty * Agency Inequalities in health such as can lead to a variety of conditions such as 4.
The effect of social integration on health is conclusively documented in the theory of ‘social support’ [Cassel, 1976]1. The effect of social and economic inequality on health is profound too. Poverty, which is a result of social and economic inequality in a society, is detrimental to the health of population. The outcome indicators of health (mortality, morbidity and life expectancy) are all directly influenced by the standards of living of a given population. More so, it is not the absolute deprivation of income that matters, but the relative distribution of income [Wilkinson, 1992]2.
According to Loschmann & Pearce. (2006). Among Maori there is a large amount of mortality which is attributed to diseases that had effective health care services available. This identifies dissimilarities in access to health care. Access to primary and secondary health services differ for Maori and non Maori.