The superior recall of items at the start of the list is called the primary effect, whilst the superior recall of the items at the end of the list is called the recency effect. This is good evidence for the multi-store model of memory because it shows the difference between the STM and the LTM. Rundus & Atkinson (1970) Rundus and Atkinson asked participants to rehearse out loud the list they were given (similar to Murdock's experiment). Tape recordings showed that words from the beginning of the list were more likely to be rehearsed than later ones. Because of the limited capacity of the STM, words from the middle of the list are thought to be lost completely or unavailable for recall.
The research suggests that capacity of short term memory could only be enlarged by grouping items together known as chunking. By chunking information, we are more likely able to remember it whether in single or combined forms which is why it’s known as the magical number seven plus or minus two. However, the experiment could also be criticised in the sense that there could have been experimenter bias and demand characteristics. It also isn’t ecologically valid since people don’t have to memorise random letter and numbers all the time. Nevertheless,
Some people say that his childhood was normal up until he had a hernia surgery at the age of 6 and some say that is when he started to become distant and withdrawn from everything. There are also some accounts that say he was molested by a neighbor at a young age and that might be a reason of why he became so distant from everyone. When he was eight years old, he moved with his family to Bath, Ohio. Between the ages of 10 and 15 is when he really started showing little interest in any hobbies or social interactions. He would
The independent group design could have meant, by chance, the group who were told to expect no negative withdraws, were naturally more determined people, thus increasing their chance of giving up anyway. Without a control group we cannot see how many people would have relapsed with no expectations being induced. Furthermore, self report methods were used when reporting withdrawal symptoms, which are subjective and could be influenced by demand characteristics, with people guessing the aim of the study and trying to give answers to help the experimenter. Another cognitive explanation is the self medicated model, which descried relapse as a result of the individual believing without their addiction they cannot cope, focus on a task or feel bored without their addiction to occupy them. For example a smoker may feel too stressed to function properly at work, therefore relapse and continual smoking occurred to reduce these negative
John also states that he was previously diagnosed with depression at the age 14 by his pediatrician in Seattle, but he has never received treatment or taken medications for depression. John describes feeling hopeless, exhausted, and having a general lack of interest in daily life. John was referred by St. Joseph’s hospital after being admitted by his mother. Mr. Adams is willing to explore treatment at this time; he states that he is tired of causing pain to his family and he wants to learn to be happy again. The personal communication style John would benefit from includes empathy, opened mindedness, asking open ended questions and waiting for John to respond in his own words,
Thin Slicing Life In the novel “Blink” by Malcolm Gladwell, thin slicing is used as a tool in life to make “snap-decisions” from one’s unconscious state of mind. This can be more effective rather than a complex thought process. In the classroom is where I feel I come in contact with thin slicing the most. When a difficult or random question is asked, occasionally I would get an answer right away but I wouldn’t think it was right. In that situation I would find out that my answer was actually correct.
He had surgery on his spine, and then again when he was a couple of pounds heavier, he had surgery on his brain to prevent hydrocephalus. But that surgery did not help at all. As he grew older, we found out that fluid was building up in his skull. He immediately went to emergency surgery, and he now carries a tube in his brain and goes down to the bladder area. Some symptoms of spinal bifida affects quality life include Weakness or pain in the lower half of the body, and paralysis of legs.
Dr. Oliver Sacks first met Greg in April of 1977 at the Williamsbridge Hospital. Oliver would try to answer the question, “What happened to Greg?” He began observing Greg which was one of the research methods used along with questioning him, repetitive learning, and becoming a part of Greg’s life. What he found was that if any questions were asked that were past the year of 1969 Greg did not have the answer. Instead he would use one of his “current events.” Greg was marooned in the 60’s. Greg was totally blind and refused to believe it.
The experiment produces the primary effect, where many words are recalled from the beginning of the list, and the recency effect, where many words are also recalled from the end of the list, but not so many from the middle. This study also shows that there are separate short term and long term memory stores since the primary effect occurs because the words at the beginning of the list have been rehearsed, and so are transferred into the long term memory store. However, whilst this is going on, less attention is paid to the middle words and they tend to be lost unless they have some special significance to the individual. The words at the end of the list are well recalled because they are still fresh in the memory system unless there is a distractor task which causes this information to be lost through interference, displacement, or decay. This evidence can be seen as reliable since it was scientific, conducted in a laboratory, and produced quantative data that makes it easy to summarise and compare with other data.
The question that should be asked is what method should be chosen so that it will be the most cost and time effective? Small Groups VS Individual Expert as Problem Solving Small groups tend to surpass individual experts when alternative solutions are present. Due to the fact that small groups consist of multiple bodies, they can input there own specific experiences and unique knowledge into the task at hand thus coming up with an, if not better, answer than that of the individual. Group work causes less strain to the mind and well as it is a lot less time consuming. Typically higher quality work is present with multitudes of solutions.