By thus establishing the superiority of our ingroup, we make sure that our social identities, and therefore our self-esteem, are positive enough. Intergroup behaviours, are based on social identities and show the general characteristics of ingroup favouritism (the tendency to behave in ways that favour members of our ingroup compared to members of outgroups) intergroup differentiation (behaviour that emphasizes differences between our ingroup and outgroups) ethnocentrism (an ingroup-serving bias: positive behaviours by ingroup members tend to be internally attributed whereas negative behaviours receive a situational attribution; the reverse pattern is manifested when explaining positive and negative behaviours in an outgroup) conformity to ingroup norms (much greater than conformity to outgroup norms) and stereotypical thinking (ingroups and outgroups are all
The comparison level for alternatives, on the other hand, is concerned with the benefits of possible alternative relationships. We compare the outcomes of the reference relationship with others that we could be in and if this potential relationship is favourable the current relationship may end. Equity Theory proposed by Walster et al is the second theory of relationship maintenance and is an extension of the SET but focusses on fairness. Equity Theory suggests four principles that underpin equity in relationships. Firstly, that people try to maximize their rewards.
With a good upbringing and a base value system, most individuals will exude good values and ethics. A description of the differences in how each theory addresses ethics and morality Virtue ethics centralizes around characteristics, such as moral character or the virtue of an individual. A proponent of virtue ethics would define helping someone in need as a benevolent or charitable action (Stanford, 2007). Virtue ethics also places more emphasis on helping individuals expand his or her character that in turn extends to individuals better decision-making later in life. These theorists believe erasing vices builds good moral character (Cline, 2012).
Argyle (1992) points out that individuals who are most rewarding ten to be liked the most. However, Cunningham and others have shown that positive feelings of emotion can lead to attraction, therefore contradicting the idea of the satisfaction theory. The formation of relationships from research studies suggest that there are many factors involved in the formation of relationships; such as proximity, similarity and physical attractiveness. Research has been carried out to measure the extent to which proximity affects the formation of relationships. Research conducted by those such as Festinger found, by analysing university students, that those living next door to each other were the most friendliest and those by the stairs were the least.
Is this the case or are there more similarities than previously acknowledged? The author also intends to examine the use of these theories in social care and how effective they are in such settings. The main precept of the behaviourist view on personality is that personality is behaviour and behaviour is personality. According to Coon (1986), “the behaviourist position is that personality is no more (or less) than a collection of learned behaviour patterns” (Coon, 1986, p. 462). A theory proposed by Dollard and Miller in 1950 also suggested that this was the case.
There are different outcomes of using different bases of power. For example, if we use legitimate power, it has strong power to make others to comply but it has poor relationship effect. On the other hand, reward power has relatively strong effect on all aspects, which are complying, long last, acceptance and relationship. In the second part of the power and influence session, Professor first shared her valuable experience with us, and after that the leadership application of the principles of persuasion was discussed in the lesson. Basically, there are six principles of persuasion, if we can correctly adopt the principles, it will be much easier to make people to say yes to
Act utilitarianism is based around the principle of utility which is a main part of Bentham’s theory. It also uses the general principle of trying to maximise the amount of pleasure. So when faced with moral decisions act utilitarian’s will decide which action will lead to the greatest good in that situation even if that means you have to tell a lie. Act utilitarianism is flexible and accounts for individual situations. However it could potentially justify anything John Stuart Mill (1806-1871) decided to refine Bentham’s theory of utilitarianism.
Through Operant Conditioning, you are able to mold the behavior of a person using reinforcements, punishments, and reinforcement schedules. Reinforcements can play a vital role in communication with the people around us. A positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence a person finds rewarding (King, 2010). A negative reinforcement also strengthens a behavior by the removal of an unpleasant experience which is also rewarding (King, 2010). These two reinforcements are especially important when dealing with relationships.
Learning theory suggests that attachments are learned through a satisfaction of drives, be it hunger, thirst or reassurance. They are learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning. “Attachment as a relationship is supported by attachment behaviours that results in a person attaining or maintaining proximity to some other clearly identified individual, who is conceived as better able to cope with the world. It is most obvious whenever the person is frightened, fatigued or sick, and is assuaged by comforting and care giving” (Bowlby, 1988 p.27). In 1951, Bowlby produced a report in which his research concluded
Extraversion is a personality trait that predisposes individuals to experience positive emotional states and feel good about themselves and about the world around them. Neuroticism reflects people’s tendencies to experience negative emotional states, feel distressed, and generally view themselves and the world around them negatively. Agreeableness is the trait that captures the distinction between individuals who get along well with other people and those who do not. Conscientiousness is the extent to which an individual is careful, scrupulous, and persevering. Openness to experience captures the extent to which an individual is original, open to a wide variety of stimuli, has broad interests, and is willing to take risks as opposed to being narrow-minded and cautious.