C Langlois’ research shows that babies under 12 months will spend more time looking at attractive faces. This shows that preferences are innate as babies have not yet learnt what is deemed as attractive or not. AO1: Evidence for sexual selection is based on the attraction to resources. Women are impressed by men with resources and qualities such as ambition which suggests they will have increasing amounts of resources. Swallows impress females by regurgitating food to show that they can provide for future offspring.
Darwin therefore suggested sexual selection stating that any characteristic that benefits reproductive success will become the norm over time as it is consistently selected. Sexual selection involves inter and intra sexual selection. Intra sexual selection is the evolutionary process in which members of one sex (usually males) compete with each other for members of the opposite sex. Those who win are able to pass on their genes, which include the factors that made the winning person successful. This helps to ensure the offspring’s survival whilst passing on successful genes.
Trivers defined parental investment as “any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring’s change of surviving (and hence reproductive success) at the cost of the parent’s ability to invest in other offspring”. Maternal investment is much larger than paternal investment. Females make a greater biological investment than males because they produce far fewer egg cells than males produces sperm, and egg cells are far more costly to produce. This means that females require a greater initial investment because they can only have a limited number of offspring, whereas a male can potentially have an infinite number of children. As a result of this inequity, females are choosier in who they mate with.
Rosie Clarke Discuss sex differences in parental investment. Human females make a greater biological investment than males because they produce far fewer egg cells than males produces sperm, and egg cells are far more costly to produce. Another reason why females have a greater initial investment is that females can only have a limited number of offspring, whereas a male can potentially have a much larger number of children. As a result of this inequity, females are choosier in who they mate with. As well as making a larger prenatal investment, human mothers must also make a larger postnatal investment.
Describe and evaluate sexual selection (8+16 marks) Sexual selection is based upon the idea that men want to pass on their genes to future offspring, and women want to pick a man with the best possible genes for their child, therefore arguing that our preferences and reproductive habits are innate and therefore due to nature. The theory was first proposed y Darwin who said that two processes took place, the first being intrasexual selection; this is where members of one sex compete with each other for access to members of the opposite sex, the winners are able to mate and pass on their genes. This means that the ‘winning trait’ will be passed on to their offspring. The other process is called intersexual selection, where the preference of one sex dictates the area in which the other sex must compete for their attention. This may be economic.
In Australia some of the highest paid athletes are football players while female sports do not get paid as much. Sponsorships given to athletes form a large part of their earning, major companies would rather support those athletes that are most popular and successful. Many professional athletics approve that women deserve equal prize money because they just work as hard as men. Women deserve equal prize money because women are as capable and valuable as men and they should be treated as such and the Equality has been written into law many times and is an important social value that is taught in school, media and most homes from early childhood so they deserve equal prize money for sports. They also believe that they should get paid equal prize money because males and females are just the same but if they judge them regarded to racial, gender or otherwise it’s called discrimination.
Basically, functionalists regard the body as a major organ in the body of society. Murdock believed that the nuclear family (a family consisting of a mother, a father and their children) was universal. He claimed that the family performed 4 major functions in society. These were sexual, because marriage was viewed as the only acceptable sexual relationship, reproducing, because it is vital to produce children, economic, because there has to be an element of someone providing for our needs, and socialisation, because it is vital that children learn about culture, norms and values. Criticisms of Murdock would be that he is seen as an ethnocentric, which means based on his own culture.
Value of wages have risen and more wives are working in paid employment, therefore are possibly seen as on the same level as the husband. Family allowances and sickness and unemployment benefits have reduced the extent of poverty which may lift the burden and create less stress. Reduction in family size from 5-6 children to under two, which creates less work for parents in looking after the children. Dunne criticises the belief that there is equality amongst heterosexual couples as she claims heterosexual couples base their relationships heavily on gender scripts which are essentially the typical expectations which males and females usually conform to. She contrasts the marriage of a heterosexual couple to that of a lesbian couple where gender scripts
Their role as a parent is a job they take seriously and they both want to contribute to the discipline of their children. I predict that they will have similar strong feelings about raising female children and their responsibilities as fathers. My approach is to show the differences inherent in family history and cultural differences. My hypothesis is that there will be a significant difference in the discipline styles of these two men and how they view the practice of spanking. Both will emphasis the importance of the male role models in their girls’ lives and how they are responsible for influencing their future behavior as well as their relationships with men.
3) Here are the differences this paper will cover; it will cover finances, feminine vs. masculine traits, and economics. Being a single mother is different from being a single father because masculinity often outweighs femininity and economics today. In the society today there is still sexism that occurs in the workplace, and often men will still obtain a higher job then women, therefore having much higher pay than women. According to Baer (2011) “The median average income for all single-mother families was just $25,172 — down by more than $2,000 since 2000. The median average income for married couples with children was three times greater and, for the relatively few single-father families, nearly one and a half times greater.