The crust is the Earth's coldest layer. There are two parts to it -- the OceanicCrust and the Continental Crust.The Oceanic Crust The Oceanic Crust lies beneath the oceans. It is between 4 to 7 miles (6 - 11km) thick. Its rocks are heavy and young, not more than 200 million years old. They are mostly basalt, which has a gritty volcanic structure.
Magma can complaetely crystallize into a crystal or even a diamond. Ten basic igneous rocks are obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, andesite, basalt, granite, diorite, gabbro, porphyry, and pegmatite. There are two different types of igneous rocks. They are intrusive and extrusive. All igneous rocks are made from magma.
'Volcanoes and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that plate tectonics theory is valid.' Discuss the extent to which you agree with this view (40 marks) The modern theory of plate tecctonics is a fairly new idea, developed in the last 100 years. It is now generally accepted as the explanation for seismic and volcanic activity. The theory, developed by Alfred Wegenger in 1912, states that the lithosphere is made up of seven large and several other smaller plates. He believed that all of the continents were once joined together, forming a super-continent called Pangaea.
It erupted in 1970, 1980, 1981, 1991, and the most recent eruption occurred in 2000 and lasted for 12 days. The volcano has been around for 7000 years and has been blowing up randomly ever since. Apparently about 2800 years ago, Mount Hekla had its largest eruption, and traces of the blast have been found as far as Scandinavia. Mount Katla is located in the most southern portion of Iceland, which is a mountain recently known for causing flooding when it melted glaciers on top of it. Due to all of Iceland’s volcanic activity, there is also a great deal of glacial activity.
Being the largest volcano on Earth, Mauna Loa is 4 km above sea level, its mass 8 km added to the long submarine planks that dig into the sea floor another 5 km. This gigantic volcano takes up half the island of Hawaii, the summit in 17 km (56,000 ft) above its base. The volcano adds to 85 percent of the other islands combined. Being one of Earth’s most frequent erupting volcanoes, erupting thirty three times since its first ever documentation in 1843. The last eruption happened in 1984, and we’re certain the volcano will erupt again, but for now we monitor Mauna Loa for any indication of its next eruption.
The most abundant are stone meteorites which are primarily made up of silicate minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, and feldspar. As their name implies, iron meteorites are mainly composed of iron but also contain a significant amount of nickel. The rarest of the three are the stony-iron meteorites. They are a mixture of stony and metallic materials. Some basic facts of meteorites are: Meteorites are attracted to magnets.
Oldest Identified rocks: 4.0 Ga = X ft X= 4.0Ga(305.5ft) X= 265.65 ft 4.6 Ga 305.5 ft 4.6 Ga To put this in perspective this happened at around where the largest bottom wall ends Oldest Identified Fossils: 3.5 Ga = X ft X= 3.5Ga(305.5ft) X= 232.45 ft 4.6 Ga 305.5 ft 4.6 Ga This is about where the main structure juts out for the first time Oxygen Accumulates in the Atmosphere: 2.0 Ga = X ft X= 2.0Ga(305.5ft) X= 132.83 ft 4.6 Ga 305.5 ft 4.6 Ga This is near the bottom of lady liberty’s dress First Eukaryotes: 1.4 Ga = X ft X= 1.4Ga(305.5ft) X= 92.98 ft 4.6 Ga 305.5 ft 4.6 Ga This is where lady liberty’s chest would be Oldest Metazoan: 640 Ma*1 Ga = X ft X= .64Ga(305.5ft) X= 42.50 ft
1400 segment of the 50,000-year eruptive history of Mount St. Helens (after USGS Bulletin 1383-C). Mount St. Helens is the youngest of the major Cascade volcanoes, in the sense that its visible cone was entirely formed during the past 2,200 years, well after the melting of the last of the Ice Age glaciers about 10,000 years ago. Mount St. Helens' smooth, symmetrical slopes are little affected by erosion as compared with its older, more glacially scarred neighbors--Mount Rainier and Mount Adams in Washington, and Mount Hood in Oregon. As geologic studies progressed and the eruptive history of Mount St. Helens became better known, scientists became increasingly concerned about possible renewed eruptions. The late William T. Pecora, a former Director of the USGS, was quoted in a May 10, 1968, newspaper article in the Christian Science Monitor as being "especially worried about snow-covered Mt.
Mauna Loa, located in the south-central part of the island, is the Earth’s largest volcano (History culture 1). Kilauea lies east of Mauna Loa and is considered to be the Earth’s active volcano; if it also Hawaii’s youngest (Encyclopedia Britannica 2). The Park displays the results of 70 million years of volcanism, migration, and evolution processes that thrust a bare land from the sea and clothed it with complex and unique ecosystems and a distinct human culture. The park encompasses 230,000 acres and ranges from sea level to the summit of the earth's most massive volcano, Mauna Loa at 13,677 feet. Kilauea, the world's most active volcano, offers scientists insights on the birth of the Hawaiian Islands and visitors views of dramatic volcanic landscapes (Hawaii Volcanoes Park)
The pyramid of khufu stands 481 feet high, measures roughly 756 feet on each side and cover 13 acres of land it is the largest of ancient Egypt's 70 pyramids, if the blocks that form the pyramid were reduced to foot-sized square cubes and lined up, the cubs would stretch for 16,600 miles. originally the great pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface, consists of more than 2.3 million limestone blocks the largest granite stones in the pyramid found in the king's chamber weight 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported more than 500 miles away from aswan, two types of limestone were used for construction, A soft limestone either pure or nummulitic was used for the bulk of the core blocks and a hard white limestone for the mantle. The four faces of the pyramid are slightly concave, and it is the only pyramid to have been built this way. Contemporary experiments have demonstrated that the copper chisels and stone hammers used by workers were sufficient to chip away at limestone, Tests have determined that 2.5-ton limestone blocks can be transported a fair distance in a