The theory levels of processing was proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972) which rejects the idea of the dual coding theory that was proposed by Paivio (1971). The dual coding theory states that characteristics of memories are determined by either the short term memory store or the long term memory store, whereas the levels of processing theory proposes that information can be processed in multiple ways that depend on the level of depth of processing involved with the memory. For example, a ‘shallow’ memory will lead to a fragile memory trace which in turn is more likely to be forgotten than a memory that is more durable with more meaning. There are three ways in which information can be processed: Structural processing, phonemic processing and sematic processing. Structural and phonemic processing are two forms of shallow processing and sematic processing is a type of deep processing.
He argued that they were part of the structure of the mind and that we would have no experience without them. He says that sight, smell, touch etc. are all meaningless to us unless they are brought under these innate concepts. Kant believes in a world beyond our conceptual scheme called the noumenal world which he says we can know nothing about and it is impossible to discuss. People have criticized this view by say that how can Kant know that the Noumenal world exists if there is no evidence of it.
Drive Theory There are two different drive theories that have been learned. The first being Freud, where he “believes that behavior was motivated and that the purpose of behavior was to serve the satisfaction of needs.” (Reeve, 2001, p 27) He summarizes the drive theory with four components; source, impetus, aim, and object. Despite its creativity though, it has a few criticisms. According to Reeve, there were three, which included relative overestimation of the contribution of biological forces to motivation, an over reliance on data taken from case studies of disturbed individuals, and ideas that were not scientifically testable. (2001, p 27) Fortunately, none of these can be applied to the second drive theory.
A Nash equilibrium is said to be stable, no player regrets having played the action he played. A strategy profile of dominant strategies is a Nash equilibrium but not vice
Outline the multi-store model and working memory model The multi-store model of memory is when information appears in Sensory Memory if attention is given to this it transfers to Short Term Memory, if the information is then rehearsed; it appears in the Long Term Memory. If at any time attention or rehearsal is not given to the information the trace decays and so because of this, we forget, however this need for rehearsal for transference into the Long Term Memory has been criticised as some information can be retained without any form of rehearsal. Within the multi-store model of memory, both Long Term Memory and Short Term Memory differ from each other in various ways; the duration of short term memory is 18 seconds, where as the duration of long term memory is a lifetime. The capacity of short term memory is found to be 7 + OR – 2, compared to long term memory’s unlimited capacity. As far as coding is concerned, there are also differences between short term and long term memory; short term is acoustic and long term is semantic.
Tom’s forgetting is due to failure to transfer information form STM to LTM. Tom cannot recall the materials since he only encode information to STM, we must attend to it. Since we are selective about what we attend to, our STM will contain only what has been selected. Without rehearsal, the materials cannot enter the LTM. earsal is the process of repeatedly verbalizing, thinking about, or otherwise acting on information in order to keep that information in memory.
These messages are invisible by the conscious mind, but supposedly affect the subconscious or deeper mind. Subliminal techniques have occasionally been used in advertising, but the purpose, effectiveness and frequency of such techniques have been debated for years. It is proven that stimulation below the level of a person’s conscious awareness can be shown to have on some aspects of behavior. How can something we do not notice affect our behavior? Subliminal messaging was made to affect part of the mind, which is split into two parts known as the conscious mind and subconscious mind.
Evaluate one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process In my answer, an appraisal will be made weighing up the strengths and limitations on the flashbulb memory theory and how the theory affects the cognitive process of memory. According to the theory, flashbulb memories form in situations where we encounter surprising and highly emotional information. It is maintained by means of overt rehearsal, such as discussion with others, and covert behaviour, such as private rehearsing. Flashbulb memories are different than normal memories as they are more vivid, consistent, and accurate and they last longer. When a flashbulb memory is made, neural mechanism triggers an emotional arousal because the event is important or shocking.
In other words, they answer the question What drives behaviour? It is important to remember that the following are theories, none of which have been conclusively shown to be valid. Nonetheless, they are helpful in providing a contextual framework for dealing with individuals Process theory is a commonly used form of scientific research study in which events or occurrences are said to be the result of certain input states leading to a certain outcome (output) state, following a set process. Another theory that attempts to explain human behavior is Content theory. Process theory holds that if an outcome is to be duplicated, so too must the process which originally created it, and that there are certain constant necessary conditions for the outcome to be reached.
This number becomes the code of the item for subsequent use at different stages. While this system is the easiest one to use, it does not help in scientific management of inventory. For example, say a particular spare part of a machine is received in the stores and is assigned a running unique number 999XXX as its code. Then if the same item is received at any other point of time the code number shall not be the same i.e. 999XXX as by that time a lot many other items might have entered into the firm and might also have been assigned different running and unique code making it impossible to assign a previous code to any item.