These problems can be divided into two major components. The first is the internal church politics that the Avignon and Roman sides engaged in against each other. These politics lengthened the duration of the Schism and also reduced the effectiveness of the solutions proposed in ending the Schism. The second is the effect of external politics playing on the internal church politics. The external politics had contributed to the Schism becoming a secular problem and split the loyalties of Europe.
However, Henry and Cromwell had their own private intensions to dissolve the monasteries. The ability to review the church would find or fabricate reasons to dissolve the monasteries. Plus the crown was not financially secure and needed the money of the monasteries. Henry saw that it would be beneficial to him if the Pope’s power in England was weakened and the dissolution gave him the power to do so. The final way that Henry would justify the dissolution was to seize the land of the church and to give
Therefore by reforming the English Church and removing the Pope and making Henry VIII the Supreme Head of the Church in England, there was a revolution in the relationship between Church and State. Also as Thomas Cromwell, who masterminded this manoeuvre, had used parliament to enforce the reformation the principle that King-in-parliament was the highest form of authority. This sat very well with Henry VIII and appealed far more to those who lent to the positive and idealistic though secular form of anti-clericalism. This is one reason why the English Church did need to be reformed in the 16th century. Another reason the English Church may have needed reforming would be that many people lost enthusiasm for religious orders and religious images in the 16th century.
One of the major events that assisted the fall of the Holy Roman Empire was Thirty Years’ War. The event that started the Thirty Years’ War was “defenestration of Prague.” Two of Ferdinand’s officials were thrown out a window. The Lutherans violated the Peace of Augsburg by acquiring German Bishops, Calvinists converting princes, and Jesuits reconverting princes to Catholicism. The Calvinists and Catholics had many advantages because of that which made the Lutherans fear the Peace of Augsburg would be negatively impaired. The Lutheran Princes felt it necessary to create the Protestant Union and in retaliation the Catholics formed to Catholic League.
Catherine of Aragon played a vital role in delaying the annulment from Henry VIII. Her links to Charles V, her defence and her delaying strategy ultimately prolonged the annulment from Henry. However, we also must into account other factors such as the Sacking of Rome in 1527 where the pope himself was taken prisoner. Also, Henry’s timing of the annulment and his very poor strategy meant Henry was delaying the annulment himself due to this poor strategy. Firstly, Catherine of Aragon played a vital role in delaying the annulment from Henry because her links to Charles meant that Charles himself could intervene with the annulment.
As established by Henry VIII in 1550 to distance himself from the Catholic Church and the Pope (and make it possible for him to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon), the official religion of England at the beginning of the Victorian period, circa 1850, was that of the Anglican Church, known as the Church of England. Nonetheless, there were other religions that were quite important in the country, mainly Catholicism and Methodism, which was greatly known thanks to John Wesley and grew under Victorian times. There was also a movement of anti-Church, notably with the Age of Reason of Tom Paine, in 1794, and the apparition of spiritualism. The initiators of such movements where referred to as dissenters, and there were many dissented groups at the time. The Victorian period, up until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, was therefore a time of religious confusion, but also, as we will see, of great charity, as well as of birth of new beliefs.
For instance, “the sale of indulgences for the benefit of the church of Rome specifically for the rebuilding of St. Peters Cathedral provoked harsh criticism, especially by those who saw the luxuries of the papacy as a betrayal of apostolic ideals ” (Fiero 119). Martin Luther stated a list of objections, called the Ninety-Five Theses, against the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation changed the course of Western civilization for the long term which led to the impact on the arts using Northern Renaissance art, music and literature. Protestant reformers made two new printmaking processes, which were woodcut and engraving. Compared to the too expensive hand-illuminated manuscripts, books with printed pictures became an inexpensive option for all (Fiero 127).
The Dutch Republic, where Locke spent time, had been founded as a secular state which would allow religious differences. This was a reaction to Catholic persecution of Protestants. Once the Calvinist Church gained power, however, they began persecuting other sects. In France, religious conflict had been temporarily quieted by the edict of Nantes. But in 1685, the year in which Locke wrote the First Letter concerning religious toleration, Louis XIV had revoked the Edict of Nantes, and the Huguenots were being persecuted and forced to emigrate on mass.
The colonists believed that they should have separate laws from Britain because they are not directly represented in parliament. When the colonists continued to disobey the new laws, Britain enforced a harsher set of laws, known as the intolerable acts, to show the colonies that Britain was angry for the Boston Tea Party. This further angered the colonists and caused them to rethink the idea of a rebellion. The colonies as well violated the rights they were fighting for, by
By 1529 England was diplomatically isolated and this might be considered a consequence of Wolsey’s advances to the French • the increasingly central position of Norfolk, Suffolk and Rochford at Court was recognised even by Wolsey in the Eltham Ordinances. It was the King himself who ordered Wolsey to appoint more counsellors • Failure of the Amicable Grant. Factors suggesting other factors were important might include: • Henry VIII had increasingly separated himself from Wolsey. Yet the Eltham Ordinances were used to Wolsey’s advantage in effectively reducing the number of courtiers around the monarch • failure to secure the annulment of the King’s marriage was a significant factor for it angered the King. On a simplistic level, Wolsey was protected only as long as he proved to be useful • opposition to Wolsey’s foreign policy came from a range of sources, for example the Church.