She developed on Bowlby’s IWM theory by looking at the individual differences on types of attachments that may be formed to the primary care-giver. Ainsworth looked at children’s behaviour during separation from their mothers, beginning in Uganda and a later study in the US Ainsworth developed the strange situation experiment as a standard test to measure attachment in children (Oates, 2005). From her results she discovered three main times of attachment. Secure, insecure (split into sub-categories) and absent (Oates, 2005). The way in which the child behaves during the strange situation is determined by the behaviour the care giver presents to the child.
Some of the children remained at the institution while others had left and had to be either adopted or restored to their original families. Restored children were less likely to form attachments but adopted children were attached like normal children. However, both groups of ex institutionalised children had problems with peers. These findings suggest that early privation had a negative effect on the ability to form relationships even when given good emotional care. This supports Bowlby's theory of sensitive period.
P. An application of attachment theory to the study of child abuse. [Ph.D. dissertation], California School of Professional Psychology; 1979 [3] Main, M.; & Hesse, E. Parents’ Unresolved traumatic Experiences are Related to Infant Disorganized Attachment Status: Is Frightened and/or Frightening Parental Behaviour the Linking Mechanism? In Greenberg, M.T. ; Cicchetti, D.; & Cummings, M. [Eds.]
The first adopts a psychodynamic approach and refers to a child’s anxiety when separated from a primary care giver. This commonly refers to the mother to who the child has formed a strong emotional attachment. It can be said to occur when a child begins to comprehend that they are separate beings to that of their
People with antisocial disorder will act instead of feel; they find it difficult to talk about their personal emotional experiences. The feelings of helpless and a scared victim during childhood stage makes them want to scare and victimize others when they grow up (Hansel & Damour, 2008). Furthermore, the psychodynamic aspect also delves into analyzing early childhood attachments of individuals with antisocial personality disorder. Gabbard (2000) stated that “normal parent-child attachment paves the way for the internalization of a morally guiding superego and the ability to empathize with others. People with antisocial personality disorder show abnormal superego functioning and a lack of empathic ability to imagine how others feel, presumably due to disrupted parent-child relationships” (Hansel & Damour, 2008, p.
Rabiner (1999) quoted the results of a study conducted by Kaplan, Crawford, Fisher and Dewey (1998) which revealed that parents of ADHD children reported feeling considerably dissatisfied with their family life. The following quotation highlights the impact an ADHD child has on parents. A parent needs abundant love and wisdom, a parent must be knowledgeable about education, a parent must acquire the skills and sophistication in managing behavior that psychologists have acquired after years of study, and a parent must develop the patience of a model clergy man or woman. Although it can take a lifetime to acquire any of these skills, the demands of parenting an ADHD child necessitates that all of them be acquired in an instant. (Jacobs 1998, p. 1) as cited in Rafalovich 2000, p.
Case workers, child welfare services, and the psychological community alike have taken an interest as to the impact sibling separation has on an individual child. Sibling relationships are the most enduring of interpersonal ties and serve as important contexts for individual development (East & Khoo, 2005). The researchers wanted only to observe the effect that sibling relationships have on adjustment during tenure in foster care and other factors. A broad sample pool was used and factors such as age spacing, initial placement, duration of maltreatment, kinship vs. certified foster home, caregiver language, and disability were used as elimination (control) factors. This particular study used 78 sibling pairs (after elimination).
Some states are now viewing domestic violence as a public health concern, in regards to domestic violence being a social disease. I am studying psychology at Ashford University and I have already taken Early Childhood Development. I can see how this could be viewed as a social disease. We learn from our parents, good and bad. You could view children becoming abusers themselves via Freud's ego and super ego theory, which it could be argued that in early development a child sees the way to get what they want and or need via coersion, violence, complaining, yelling, or how ever the child perceives the parent obtaining that which they want.
RUNNING HEAD: REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER Reactive Attachment Disorder June 25, 2011 Abstract Children need a secure attachment. They form this by healthy parents who provide a safe and secure environment. When this attachment is not formed due to abuse, neglect, or mistreatment, children suffer. Child abuse and neglect affect the lives of many children and can result in physical injury and psychological trauma. Reactive attachment disorder is one of the possible consequences of this psychological trauma.
Addiction and the impact on the Family Introduction The purpose of this essay is to discuss the impact of addiction within a family. When addiction is present, family members deal with it in different ways and they take on different roles to help balance out the family dynamics. This essay will go into the different roles and examine the feelings and effects that each role brings with it. When one or more of the caregivers have an addiction, it is usually the children that suffer. The essay will discuss how children brought up in addicted households are affected and the effects on their adult lives.