Nevertheless, criminologists continue to find useful aspects of old studies even from discredited psychological theories, like psychoanalysis (Williams & McShane, 2009). Personality and Criminal Behavior in Psychological Positivism As psychology became a credible source of insight into human behavior, criminologists began using this perspective to define the origins of deviant personalities. Within psychology are various models that explain behavior, some of which include psychoanalysis, learning theory, and cognitive development. Although these philosophies are similar, each perspective provides a unique viewpoint on the causes of criminal behavior (Flowe, 1996). Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis, a system developed by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900s, describes behaviors as the result of one’s ability to control drives and impulses.
Most, if not all, acts of crime are categorized as deviant behaviour, for example, murder. Deviance is behaviour which drifts away from society’s established norms and values, but is not necessarily perceived as crime, such as queue jumping (Haralambos and Holborn 2009). The functionalist approach to crime and deviance is one of value consensus. They emphasise social stability and collective public values, a ‘collective conscience’. Functionalist define crime and deviance as functional and necessary to society as a whole, with just the right amount of crime to avoid anomie; normlessness.
In a paragraph, discuss how these three essays meet the criteria for literary nonfiction. Use specific information from the content of the unit and quotations from the readings. Literary nonfiction is a form of storytelling as old as the telling of stories. It is a form that allows a writer both to narrate facts and to search for truth, blending the empirical eye of the reporter with the moral vision. The first essay written by Jaschik meets the criteria for literary nonfiction because it discusses the huge controversy of plagiarism and how it affects literature today.
These anecdotes accentuate the problems that the Amish have when they participate in rumspringa, they help create a version of reality which Walker wants the reader to believe is the solemn truth. The dialogue used includes many profanities and colloquial language which exemplifies the subject's relaxed lifestyle and cruised approach to life and its challenges. The use of shocking and confronting dialogue is carried out to challenge and dispute the viewer's personal perspective on the contrasting Amish and modern civilised societies. Editing is a powerful tool in the construction of an argument used to amend our personal
Atwood discusses the several genres of fiction that are available in this time and explains how this is not only a time of gender crossover but of genre crossover. By using the comparison she shows how literature has evolved as well as gender relations. In conclusion Margaret Atwood’s speech “spotty handed villainess” is a speech that explores the flaws in extreme feminism, challenges the patriarchal order and examines the intentions of literature and fiction. The speech still has relevance today as it examines gender roles and expectations in modern day
Specific topics of interest include the point of view of the narrator, how this influences the way we perceive the stories, and why the authors chose these ways of telling their stories. A good way to begin is by considering the general effects of the point of view of the narration on literature. Ignoring the very rare second person point of view, novels are either first or third person. First person viewpoints tell the story as the lead character sees it. This may introduce a question of reliability, since their perception of reality may be tainted or their knowledge may be limited.
The Tell-Tale Heart Assignment: We notice that some details in Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” make a literal reading of the story rather difficult. Advance and defend a figurative reading of the story consistent with the story’s details. Poe seems to focus on creating mood throughout his story. Many symbols in this story are interpreted in several different ways depending on the reader. These symbols throughout the story include the old mans eye, the heartbeat and the contradiction between love and hate in which I will be talking about in this paper.
The second juridical question, of rationality, describes, at the level of non-human forces being embodied or personified through human actors, the irrational and inexplicable violence of pathos. Gilligan’s interest is not so much in railing against the injustice of it all (pathos) or locating agents of violence in a teleology of punishment (morality play), but intervening in the tragic drama, where the connections between people are the precondition for the violence between them—but these connections also allow for an alternative ending to the story, in which connections allows for the aversion or tragedy and
Edwards and Shillingford (2008) state that “the central premise of choice theory is that people are motivated by five basic needs; survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun. A criminal is able to consider both personal and situational factors, situational factors being efficiency of police force or the level of security; this is the rational choice theory McCormick & Siegel, 2006). Social processes and social structures can all be big factors in this rational choice that criminals make before committing a crime. Crime trends seem to be determined by the presence of targets, motivated criminals, and absence of guardians. All these determinates are examples of how social and economic factors influence the general crime rates.
It is evident that crime and deviance play an important role in society today and form the “out of ordinary” actions that take place as a subsequence. Crime is a well-known term to many and is believed to involve a breach of rules or laws implemented by authorities that lead to convictions or punishment for those involved in the criminal activity. However; deviance is a term which creates much difficulty in terms of a specific definition, but the closet definition came from two men; Downs and Rock who believed that “deviance may be considered as banned or controlled behaviour which is likely to attract punishment or disapproval”. Haralambos and Holborn Sociology, Themes and Perspectives seventh edition, 2008. This demonstrates that there is some concept of difference between criminal and deviant behaviour.