Contribution of the Electron Microscope to Understanding of the Cell and Development of Cell Theory

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The electron microscope has had a significant impact on the way in which we are able to understand the cell and also had a notable role in aiding the development of cell theory. Up until 1931, resolution in microscopes was limited by the wavelength of light, and this was further restricted due to the phenomena of diffraction. This made it impossible for scientists to be able to view the fine structures of cells. With the invention of the electron microscope, by Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska, electron beams were used to produce distinctly resolved and magnified images of the specimen. This was down by firing an electron beam at the specimen, illuminating it and projecting the image onto a fluorescent screen for viewing. Knoll and Ruska developed a two-stage transmission electron microscope with magnetic lenses, enabling scientists to view specimens at 13 times magnification. Two years later Ruska improved the microscope, exceeding the resolving power of the light microscope with a resolution of 50 nanometers and a total magnification of 12,000 times. The succeeding microscope also had a camera outside the vacuum compartment which was able to photograph the magnified image on the viewing screen, which gave scientists the opportunity to conduct further research and develop their understanding of cells. The first photograph of a cell was taken and published in 1945 by Albert Claude, Keith Porter and Ernest Fullam by means of an electron microscope. Their micrograph was of a cell, originating from a chick embryo, which was artificially grown and their transmission electron microscope allowed them to view the specimen at 1600 times magnification. This electron micrograph showed the mitochondria, the golgi apparatus and a structure which Porter later named the endoplasmic reticulum. These valuable discoveries would likely not have been made without the aid of the

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