The Catcher in the Rye Is Holden Caulfield the archetypal 20th century anti-hero? Discuss. The Catcher in the Rye is a novel written by J.D. Salinger in 1945. Throughout this text, the protagonist Holden Caulfield is portrayed as someone who is facing the typical struggles that became apparent in society due to the industrialisation of the 20th century.
It wasn’t until shortly after his death that Karl Marx’s ideology began to significantly influence socialist movements. Although relatively unknown during his lifetime he has become one of the fundamental economic and sociological figures of the modern era. Many of his theories and insights into the way society functions are still relevant in the expanding capitalist society that exists today. Marx was very critical of capitalism and the division in society between the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes, attempting to highlight the injustice and exploitation of the working class by the wealthy upper and middle class. Marx predicted that capitalism within a socioeconomic system would inevitably create internal tensions between social classes leading to its demise and replacement by a new system, communism.
Foundations of Sociology Essay : Outline and Discuss Marx’s Theory of Alienation Sociology was born through the need of social change after social problems such as crime, urban light and homelessness began to emerge after the Industrial Revolution. Amongst other things Karl Marx was an excellent German sociologist (1818-1883). He was a communist manifesto and one of the world’s global best sellers. Much of sociology is a debate with the ghost and ideas of Karl Marx. In this essay I am going to outline and discuss Karl Marx’s theory of alienation.
Karl Marx was a late 19th Century thinker. He saw class as being the central category for analysing social relation and social struggles. This is because he believed that class struggles drive the social changes in our societies ‘The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles’. (Marx, Engels, 1848, pg.8) He viewed class objectively, defining it by the ownership of property. The class struggle’s which Marx refers to above is that of the Bourgeoisie, who own the means of production and the proletariat, who sell their labour.
The narrator was very fond of animals, especially his favorite, a black cat named Pluto. Everything seemed normal, except for his questionable sanity for having various pet on his house. Then he got mentally challenged, as he said, “I grew, day by day, more moody, more irritable, more regardless of the feelings of others.” He drown in the deleterious alcohol messed with his mind, as he said "...my disease grew upon me--for what disease is like Alcohol!--and at length even Pluto, who was now becoming old, and consequently somewhat peevish--even Pluto began to experience the effects of my ill temper.” And looking at Poe, most likely he wanted to embedded his struggle in alcohol to this story. Next character, the wife, feels like merely a symbol of love that got destroyed because of the narrator’s struggle with drinking. Other character, the cat, was once a neutral character, just a pet, but then it became irritating, and grew to be an antagonistic character later on.
A particular Marxist view of the relationship between crime and social class is known as criminogenic capitalism. For Marxists, crime is inevitable in capitalism because capitalism is criminogenic. Capitalism is based on the exploitation of the working class – that is, on using them as a means to and end (profit), whatever the human cost of doing so. It is therefore particularly damaging to the working class and this may give rise to crime. Firstly Marxists believe that poverty may mean that crime is the only way the working class can survive therefore this results in the form of a relationship between crime and social class.
Durkheim sees anomie as responsible for the world’s disorder of economics- the lack of morality and regulation resulted in overpowering the weak; thus, he feels that only norms can prevent the abuse of power and calls for regulation and equal opportunity from birth- the greater the equal opportunity the less need for restraint. Marx looked at how capitalism separated humanity by making work a simple means of individual existence. In addition he describes society in terms of class and economic conflicts. Marx saw proletariat or people of a working class as being underneath the bourgeoisie or the capitalist of a modern society. Marx looked at how alienation of production of commodities by workers also leads to alienation of social life.
What efforts were made to improve the lot As defined by the famous 1800's revolutionary socialist, Karl Marx, the working class are individuals who sell their labor power for wages and who do not own the means of production. He argued that they were responsible for creating the wealth of a society. He asserted that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land, or factories. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx argued that it was the destiny of the working class to displace the capitalist system, abolishing the social relationships underpinning the class system and then developing into a future communist society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." The history of the working class has been set by the vast surplus of production available from industrialization creating better living standards.
It represents imprisonment and this is made clear when the she says, “The faint figure behind seemed to shake the pattern, just as if she wanted to get out”. (245) The imprisonment is created from the yellow wallpaper because the Jane repeatedly asks to remove it but isn’t allowed and she is confined to the room she despises due to the stubbornness seen from her husband. You can see Jane slowly descend into her madness with her hallucinations- “The only thing I can think of that it is like is the color of the paper! A yellow smell." (248) “At night in any kind of light, in twilight, candlelight, lamplight, and worst of all by moonlight, it becomes bars!
Williams uses the stage directions to illustrate that Blanche is not of a normal mind-set as she seems to be nervous, using directions such as, ‘A cat screeches. She catches her breath with a startled gesture.’ When Blanche rudely dismisses Eunice, she is left alone to show her true self; this is done so that we see her as an individual character without the influence of other characters or the boundaries of her social morals. Williams presents Blanche’s drinking problem through her actions during her isolated period on stage, and also during her conversation with Stella: “…talk while I