Contemporary Social Theory Short Essay: Modernity

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Qn 3 When considering power, first we look at Althusser and his article on how ideology is perpetuated by the state through the use of ideological state apparatuses and repressive state apparatuses. He uses the term interpellation, which is an unconscious belief in dominant cultural values and ideology, granting these ideologies legitimacy and allowing social reproduction through education and family, which although private, in turn become ideological state apparatuses. These institutions have replaced religion as a ‘distributor’ or ‘loudhailer’ (for lack of more powerful vocabulary) of cultural values, which also socialize young minds and sort them into various roles in society they are expected to conform to, ensuring continuation of the capitalist system (having businessmen, doctors, teachers rather than street performers or bums). Consumerist tendencies then, are the result of this socialization into the capitalist environment through the consumer culture industry and state apparatus. The ideology created is hegemonic in nature, as all citizens partaking in the same education system (i.e. student population of Singapore have to go through mandatory primary and secondary education, which is state-structured and state-monitored even if claimed to be of U.K origin) would be subject to the same battering of instructions and ideology. Although external to the individual, these lessons are internalized and perpetuated, working even in the private realm to sustain themselves. Another point would be how people relate to each other through the focus on their job titles; people become their jobs rather than their personality and character, likes and dislikes. In a paradoxical sense, their consumer culture and identity is culturally ignored as they are ideologically predisposed to focusing primarily on their career as their identifying trait. Power then, afflicted upon
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