Some may argue that alternative medicine is better than western medicine because it deals with using natural remedies. Some may also argue that western medicine is the best way to go since it remedies relies on scientific research. Here are some examples of alternative medicine acupuncture message therapy and naturopathic medicine. (Alex Genadinik) This paper discusses the historical background of alternative medicine and western medicine, or an analysis of both medicines and the cost associated with both medicines. Alternative medicine has been around for centuries it goes back further than western medicine.
Reflecting the distinction between 'objectivist' and 'subjectivist' approaches to science, the idiographic and the nomothetic represent two contrasting approaches to study methods. Idiographic approaches argue that the ultimate goal of science is to explain individual events; general laws and theories are useful insofar as they help us understand a particular event. By copntrast, nomothetic approaches argue that the ultimate goal is to uncover general truths that cover classes of occurrence. Here, individual instances are of interest primarily as guides in developing a broader understanding. Clinical medicine is largely an idiographic pursuit, and the doctor’s commitment is to the individual patient.
Clinical psychology is defined as “the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change” (Compas & Gotlib, 2001). While the field of clinical psychology continued to expand, psychiatrists remained working with patients noted to have severe mental illnesses. During World War I, the two intelligence tests Army Alpha (verbal skills) and Army Beta (nonverbal skills) were introduced, making assessment the key focus of clinical psychology (Compas & Gotlib, 2001). The America Association of Clinical Psychology was established in 1917; following the creation of The American Association of Applied Psychology (APA) in 1930. The APA
The focus upon the body can be attributed to the advances in medical technology, which allowed exploration of the body which was previously impossible. Before these advances in technology the body is seen as impenetrable; ‘it was […] a boundary: a doctor in 1800 would listen to a case history, with examination by touch; the live body could not be penetrated safely.’[1] However, during the late 19th and early 20th century, medical advances allowed for the safe penetration of the body, allowing new discoveries to be made and therefore evoking a renewed interest in the human form. One of the main themes throughout The Secret Agent is the fragility of the body and how easily it can be destroyed. The text is also concerned with the effects of technology upon the body. To the Lighthouse also provides an exploration of the fragility of the human body, however, the main focus of this is the fact that the body is transient; meaning death and decay of the body is inevitable.
In this paper I shall introduce Sigmund Freud’s theories of human development within psychoanalysis and describe how his theory of psychosexual development related to adult neurosis. I shall offer some criticisms of this theory and evaluate how this may aid a present day counsellor in their practice. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was a Viennese physician who developed his theory of human development by trying to help emotionally troubled adults. He was attempting from the start of his career to formulate a system of psychological therapy and was influenced by the psychological thought of the time and the cultural influences of that era, which were of Victorian moral standards and the presence of war in Europe. Freud’s theories broadly encompassed the issues of life, sex and aggression.
(National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2009). The medical benefits of massage therapy dates back to 2700BCE. Massage was originally developed by the combined effort and expertise of doctors of traditional medicine, practitioners of martial arts, Buddhists/Taoists and laymen who all have different options for massage. (Natural Healers 2002). Chinese massage originated from the principle that disease and illnesses arise due to imbalance energy and specific pathways or meridians that present.
Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Ann Bacon Psy/410 Abnormal Psychology October 24, 2011 Kristi Lane University of Phoenix Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology What is abnormal psychology? Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that deals with behaviors that are not considered normal as well as psychological phenomena such as dreams and altered mental states, which have not been explained. The goal of this branch of psychology is to understand abnormal behavior as well as to determine how and if the behavior needs to be addressed and to develop a treatment plan that will help individuals. This branch of psychology also recognizes that there are many influences such as environmental influences on psychological development. The goal of many mental health professionals is not to force an individual to achieve normality but to help individuals who struggle with mental and emotional disorders to achieve fulfilling and active lives.
He grew up in one of the most exciting times in human history, when the basis of modern science was being laid down by early psychophysicalists like Billroth, Helmholtz and Brucke (Sulloway, 1979). While, Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory endured condemnation and in some cases outright ridicule when it was first published, it has produced many groundbreaking insights about unconscious, the role of internal conflict, and the importance of early childhood experiences in personality development (Weiten, W. 2004, p 480). Furthermore these theories are supported by research which demonstrated that firstly, unconscious forces can influence behavior, secondly, internal conflict plays a key role in generating psychological distress, thirdly, early childhood experiences can have powerful influences on personality and finally, people do use defense mechanisms to reduce their experience of unpleasant emotions (Westen, 1998; Westen & Gabbard, 1999). In 1915 Freud published essay Instincts and Their Vicissitudes in which he put forward an idea “the three great polarities that dominate mental life”, pleasure-unpleasure, active-passive and internal-external (Freud,
History of Existentialist Theory As long as humankind has been consciously aware of its own existence, there have been existential ponderings. Although the philosophy of existentialism has deep roots within our ancient heritage, it was during the nineteenth century that it started to become a formal system of thought. Its philosophical roots are found in the works of Kierkegaard (1941, 1944) and Nietsche (1954, 1974). Methods of existential therapy have been modeled on the work of Heidegger (1949, 1962, 1966), Husserl (1900, 1962), and the philosophy of Sartre (1939, 1943). From this theoretical background and early clinical work, a myriad of therapies have emerged.
Clinical Psychologists are involved in research, teaching and supervision, program development and evaluation, consultation, public policy, professional practice, and other activities that promote psychological health in individuals, families, groups, and organizations. Their work can range from prevention and early intervention of minor problems of adjustment to dealing with the adjustment and maladjustment of individuals whose disturbance requires them to be hospitalized. Clinical Psychologists work directly with individuals at all developmental levels, infants to older adults, as well as groups for example families and organizations, using a wide range of assessment and intervention methods to promote positive mental health and to alleviate discomfort and maladjustment. Researchers study the theory and practice of Clinical Psychology, and through their publications, document their findings with assist the field. Consultants, Teachers, and Clinical Supervisors share the Clinical Psychology knowledge base with students, other professionals, and non-professionals.