The paper will show both positive and negative results that relate to the author's own insights and individualization. This paper will also discuss the criticisms of this theory and the individuals need for self-actualization. Along with this discussion will be a brief description of two of the influential founders of this theory. Humanistic theory is a theory of its own caliber and has raised the standard in psychoanalysis and behaviorism while focusing more realistically on human behavior. Humanistic psychology is young compared to the age of other approaches and theories, but very different in the basis that the approach focuses on individual control and free will or choices and steers away from the ideas that all human behavior is based around pleasure.
Yet, if we observe that pleasure is good, we should be able to ask is good pleasure. However if an individual gains pleasure through inflicting harm can we conclude that good and pleasure are one and the same thing? In short ethical naturalism is unable to define good, yet continues to claim that ethical language is based on objective truth. Non Cognitive approaches to meta ethics such as emotivism and prescriptivism argue that ethical language is subjective. A. J. Ayer claims that ethical language
Humanists believe that human nature is mostly positive. This essay will demonstrate although no singular definition exists for existential-humanistic approach, it incorporates values, beliefs and practices from both traditions. Main themes will be shown to collaborate adequately within the person-centered counselling model of Rogers. An essay on the existential-humanistic approach Central to the understanding of the integrated values, beliefs and practices of the combined existential-humanistic approach, a familiarity of the main themes around the existential and humanistic approach, ought to be acquired independently of each other. This papers aims to break down and make simpler some of the concepts around the existential-humanistic approach.
On the other hand, cognitivists believe that by reflecting on our own experiences, we construct our own understanding of the world. Though theses two schools of psychology are very much different, they do have their similarities. Behaviorism and cognitivism are similar in that they both attempt to explain and describe how learning occurs in individuals. Both are also valuable learning theories. They observe the response individuals make to different situations or different conditions.
Indirect Realism- There is objection to direct realism, by studies done on perception and psychological processes realists have distinguished between external objects as the causes and objects of perceiving and closed sensa which is the functions of our brain. The form of this view has been named representative realism. This view as well, has its own defecits, and has also been criticized by philosophers. This view has been modernized to introduce a more acceptable theory on perception. Representative Realism, “seeing a table.” The actions involved in seeing this object both through the brain processes is derived from the sensa and that we are directly aware of our senses, which form together what we know as the shape, size, color and other properties that we visualize.
The main therapeutic techniques are: Logotherapy, the “I-thou model”, and the self-in-world concept. However since existential counseling is not a technique driven therapy, techniques from other therapies can be used effectively with an existential therapeutic focus. It appears applicable to a wide variety of counseling situations in which clients are seeking to resolve issues concerning the ultimate ‘meaning of life’ and does focus on the collaborative nature of the counselor – client relationship. Running Head: EXISTENTIAL COUNSELING 3 Existential therapy or counseling is classified as a humanistic theory by Maslow due to its focus on helping people achieve their full potential in life (Maddi, 1978). It is viewed more as an attitudinal or philosophical approach to counseling rather than a theory of therapy because it is loosely based on existential philosophy and it is not tied to any particular therapeutic technique (Sharf, 2004).
Abraham Maslow Summary Abraham Maslow is considered to be the pioneer of the humanism paradigm in psychology. He is best known for creating his notion of hierarchy of needs and self- actualisation and focused on the subjective reality to be the primary guide for human behaviour (Henley, Hergenhahn, 2009). He believed studying individuals is more informative than a group of individual who shares personal traits or social situation in common; therefore he focused studying individuals rather than a collective of individuals (Henley et al, 2009). Furthermore, he emphasised self-discovery that helps to enrich human’s life. Overall, the goal of humanism is to understand the description of human being.
61).and orientation as well as motivation to learn. Self-Directed Approach It is the need and ability of an individual to control own learning capacity for the personal growth in contrast to androgogy that focuses on mutual benefit to oneself and surroundings. It has various goals associated with it. Elucidating a few:- 1) - Accepting responsibility of one’s own learning. 2) - Fostering of transformational learning that is the critical reflection is defined as the historical, geographical and cultural reasons for one’s own needs, wants and interests.
Kuhn states that a scientist’s switch between one paradigm to the next is similar to a “gestalt switch” where neural programming is required rather than argument and persuasion. Paul Feyerabend also outlined science as a discipline harmed by a dogmatic acceptance of dominant methodological frameworks. Feyerabend argued that Kuhn’s paradigm model had painted too simple of a picture of science and he therefore proposed the idea that there should be no specific method in which to ensure the objectivity of science. He believes both logical and illogical ideas may be allowed to progress in science and therefore science is better served when we accept “Epistemological anarchism” as opposed to Kuhn “law and order science.” For this essay I will compare and contrast Kuhn and Feyerabend’s models as they pertain to the rhetoric of science. Feyerebend gives rhetoric and argument a function in the sphere of science and nowhere is this made clearer than in Kuhn and Feyerabend’s respective disagreements on the issue of Incommensurability which is denoted as the difficulty to determine which theory is more accurate than the other.
These needs demand to be encountered beforehand we can thrive. After these needs are encountered we can grasp self-actualization and are nowadays free and cosy plenty to express ourselves in a creative manner. Creativity is central to our development and discovering procedures and as such aid us to advance ourselves inside society. Adler quarrels that our main motivation for creativity is to compensate for an observed physical or intellectual disability. The humanist school of believed leans towards the progress of methods that stop defensiveness, and growing belief, agreement, lack of judgement and crafting a freedom of expression.