It will then briefly describe Piaget’s theory by providing an overview of the four stages of cognitive development which include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational, before presenting two of the most common criticisms of his theory. Finally the essay will conclude with a brief summary of the points discussed. Prior to the development of his theory, Piaget worked for Albert Binet, a psychologist who was working to test the intelligence of both adults and children. During this time Piaget’s role was to conduct tests on children. His interest in children’s cognitive processes developed when he started to notice that children of similar ages made the same kinds of mistakes on test questions.
Up until the 1990s, theories of childhood tended to be determined in a "top-down" approach which some have described as "imperialistic." This is true of theories about the medieval child as much as the modern child. Children themselves while the focus of theory, have not generally been considered as having a legitimate voice in influencing its production. However, the UN CONVENTIONON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD (1989) created a climate for reconsidering this tendency and a subsequent focus on listening to the views of the child and CHILDREN'S RIGHTS of expression in general. This has led some scholars to explore allowing children themselves to reflect upon their own experience of childhood, resulting in the use of inclusive research methodologies and more democratic frameworks for dissemination.
Piaget`s theory of moral development Piaget`s theory on moral development focused on the moral judgment and reasoning that children make, he was interested in the way children think, he wanted get into their underlying cognitive thought processes, over many years he carried out a number of studies on children’s verbal attitudes to, lying, stealing, clumsiness and game rules. He believed that in contrast to the social learning theory, and by studying their cognitive processing he could support his theory that children, learn at different stages and are more than capable of making their own decisions in relation to moral development, rather than just copying role models as the SLT claims. Piaget experimented looking at moral judgments in a game of marbles, his studies support his view that there were two distinct stages, children aged 5-9/10 have a heteronymous perspective on rules, they see the rules as something that is just there, set in stone, coming from another plane and have a strict obedience to them, even if they don’t understand why. Piaget`s theory claims that at this stage egocentrism is a major factor, the children are unable to see the world form anything other than their own point of view, suggesting that this limits what they are capable of understanding, however, children aged 10+ had a autonomous view on the game, they were able to see the benefits of having rules, and had a mutual respect for the game, they recognised that the rules could be bent for the good of the game, debating the rules to some length, (more time debating than playing the game itself) and overcoming their egocentrism, it would suggest that their moral reasoning has developed; Piaget clearly suggests that the importance of disagreements and resolutions was a significant part of the study, he also believed that social environment also has a influence, playing with peers
This led to many studies on the social world of the child. However it still relied on the outside influences surrounding a child rather than the child itself and its own capabilities and agency. Ethics in psychology in adults had been the focus of much thought and concern in the 1980’s leading to the development of ethical principles for conducting psychological research, however, these were not as important regarding children’s studies until much later on, prompted by such legislation as that of the United Nations Convention for the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). This put the focus on the protection of children and its implications are seen in our ethical conduct regarding children’s research today. In 1998, the same year of the UNCRC research moved into a more child centred approach and
A) Compare and contrast any two of the methodologies that you have pursued in this phase and write a comparative essay. There are numerous approaches to early childhood education. Two perspectives, developed by Friedrich Froebel and Maria Montessori, have similarities as well as many differences. Both approaches are based on the idea that early childhood learning is holistic and intertwined with the developmental progression of the child. They are both constructivist, holding that children learn through constructing meaning with their world.
Gardner’s Seven Intelligences Howard Gardner states that his Seven Intelligences have been “developed to document the fact that human beings have very different kinds intellectual strengths”, which are helpful in helping people learn, especially with children. He further described that in education; if there were “only one kind of intelligence, we could teach everyone the same way and assess him or her in the same way, which would be fair,” but we do not all learn the same way. He also stated “anything can be taught in more than one way”. Gardner felt that teaching using various techniques and providing early feedback, would also help children and adults as they will be able to self assess and see what is working and what is not. He also felt that in order for people to truly learn and remember what they learn, they would need to become more “active” in the learning by “asking questions, do things hands on, to essentially re-create things in their own mind and transform them as is needed” they will remember the lessons for a longer period of time.
3 Understanding the concept of Resilience In the course of writing this research paper and reading several articles on research about emotional and behavioral difficulties that children face in relation to resilience, one realizes that many of the articles state the same concept. The concept being that it is difficult to give a clear definition for this term. What truly causes a child to become resilient, despite the effects of their childhood and environment are completely subjective to each individual child and are unknown. However, through this extensive research one can easily realize that it is important to further explore children’s emotional and behavioral difficulties in order to gain a better understanding of these issues, before applying the concept of resilience to meet their needs. A
Critically review the contribution and influence of psychological theories to early Childhood education and Care curriculum development and childcare practitioner working practices. Throughout this essay I am going to discuss the cognitive development theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. These two theorists were influential in forming a scientific approach to analysing the development process involved in cognition. Cognition is the procedure involved in thinking and mental activity, such as problem solving, memory and attention (Flanagan, 1999, p.72). Both theorists said that a child’s cognitive development took places in stages but the way in which these theorists described the way children go through these stages was completely different.
Moral Dilemmas and Moral Reasoning The incorporation of morals, beliefs when faced with dilemmas have a profound effect on the decision made and judgments of an individual. Moral development is greatly influenced by preconceived judgments, gathered mainly through cultural experiences. Kohlberg based his theory upon research and interviews with groups of children (Cherrie, 2012). Scenarios of moral dilemmas were presented and participants were later interviewed to determine their reasoning behind their judgments (Cherrie, 2012). Kohlberg was concerned more with reasoning for each participant’s decision rather than their answer (Cherrie, 2012).
I realized some of the results of the coeducational schooling since I was in the middle school so, I like to do some researches and find more information about it. I read some articles and statistics about it but I would like to know more and realize how this issue affects our educational life. I found many resources about this topic and there are many articles explain the affects of the coeducational schooling. There are some positive effects for the coeducation, however, there are some negative affect that could impede the educational life and decrease the educational level. So that, I asked these questions to find the best answers to help me solve this issue and overcome it.