He believed that people develop constructs as internal ideas of reality to help them understand the world around them and that the way the world is viewed is based on individual experiences, interpretations and observations. This essay will also look closely at the work from Hans Eysenck and Stanley Rachman on Trait Theory (1965) and Phillida Salmon (2003) who developed George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory further by relating it to teaching. It will also discuss the interrogative themes of Power Relations, Situation Knowledge and Agency Structure. The strengths and weaknesses of both approaches will be critically compared along with looking at the contrasts of both hoping to offer an explanation to the above statement ‘The traits that we think we find in others represent our personal construction of them’ (Butt, 2012, p.53). Theories of personality were developed around a century ago in three different strands known as clinical, psychometric and experimental traditions, although all separate they seek to explain behaviour and the individual differences in the way people react to the same situation.
It was conceived and developed by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) who taught other psychologists such as, Jung, Adler and Reich who then went onto develop psychotherapy in different directions. (http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory_3.htm) Behavioural psychology or behaviourism which is based on an approach to the way a person may behave in their environment, or observable behaviour. This is known as the second force. Writers such as Pavlov
Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment TaWonnia Jackson PSY250 September 6, 2012 Loretta Harris Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment The following statements discussed will analyze the components of the psychoanalytic approach to personality. The theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler are compared and contrasted by research found. There will be characteristics of two theories along with descriptions of the stages to Freud’s theory, and characteristics along with Freudian's defense mechanisms. Each theorist’s had their own unique way of developing their very own theory. Sigmund Freud's theory is the psychoanalytic theory unique to a certain point and which it has developed formal models describing the ways in which individuals process information on different levels (Bornstein, 2010).
While much of the prevailing dogma focused on universal approaches to understanding personality, Allport believed that there should be a balance of both individual and universal approaches. He declared “If you want to know something about a person, why not first ask him?” (Allport, 1953). Some critics of trait psychology have branded Gordon Allport as the originator and chief proponent of trait theory (Bem & Allen, 1974; Mischel & Peake, 1982). Allport himself declared that “The statistical proof for the existence of a trait lies in various measures of reliability…It is likewise essential that if a person shows himself to be ascendant in one situation, he also shows himself (usually) to be ascendant in other situations” (Allport, 1961, p.341). While obviously acknowledging the existence and importance of traits, Allport also found that traits were often variable rather than fixed and inflexible.
From a psychoanalytical perspective, Freud devoted his research to the nature side of development, learning about the human unconscious mind and presenting a notion of stage development. Bandura on the other hand came from a nurturing perspective, believing people don’t go through stages of development but rather they learn from the environment and people within it. This essay will demonstrate both Freud and Bandura’s theory in-light of a case study produced from a twenty-question interview questionnaire, relating to a developmental issue or problem in a stage of a person’s development. The subject for this case study will be referred to as ‘client’ to protect her confidentiality. The developmental issue of my client will be discussed in relation to her age group of sixteen to nineteen where she encountered her parent’s divorce, first relationship and taking up the addiction of smoking and drinking.
Edmund Husserl’s Idea of Going Back to the Things in Themselves I. Introduction: The main problem of this work is to laid down the ideas of what Husserl really meant of zu den sachen slebst. This paper will also see the difference of Husserl’s method in knowing things compared to the methods or to the process in knowing of other philosophers just like of Aristotle and Descartes to name a few. Basically, the researcher will try to follow the idea on how Husserl finds the way of going back to the things in themselves. The researcher considers that it can only be done by more focusing on the method to which Husserl asserted in knowing the essence of things.
As a result there are a variety of theories of personality which try to describe the cause and effect of the human personality. This essay will briefly compare and contrast two of these theories which include the psychoanalytic and humanistic theories of personality. It is important to have an in-depth understanding of the various types of theories with respect to personality because such a discourse enables psychologists to discover more about social behaviours in daily life (Fiske et al, 2010; 365). Both theoretical viewpoints, while being substantially different from each other, do share some common comparisons as we shall examine below. Psychoanalytical theories of personality stress the individual’s unconscious motivations which can be identified through dreams, slips of the tongue and fantasies (McCrae & Costa, 2003; 21).
I am going to write my reflection on the story of Young Goodman Brown in the light of psychoanalysis theory. I will start with the theory, then applied it on the story. Sigmund Freud, a well-known psychologist, introduced us to a new theory in the world of criticism; he invented the concept of Psychoanalytic Criticism, in which he divided the mind into conscious and unconscious. Returning to the history of the theory and its development, we can say that Sigmund Freud, believed that the unconscious is the storehouse, where all the hidden desires, fears, and ambition are stored and suppressed. He declared that our mind consists of both conscious (ID), and the unconscious (ego).
In this essay, I will compare and contrast the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky, who both influenced the more scientific approach to analysing the cognitive development process of the child active construction of knowledge, (Flanagan 1996). Both Vygotsky and Piaget were regarded as constructivists in the field of cognitive development, meaning that cognition is the result of mental construction (Davison, 2006). According to constructivists, a person’s ability to learn is affected by the context in which the person is taught, as well as their personal beliefs and attitudes.
Discuss the psychodynamic model of abnormality. [12 marks] One of the most difficult tasks for those working within the field of psychology is to define abnormality. However, it is possible to try and define abnormality by using a range of models to help us, the psychodynamic model being one of them. It was Freud who developed the concept of the psychodynamic approach. The idea behind this was to use 'talking therapy' to bring past memories from the unconscious to the conscious.