Right realists believe that crime is not a social construction as other theories such as the labelling theory believe they believe it is a real problem. Official statistics show an increase in violence against the person’s offences of 1% and an increase of 25% in sexual offences against girls. Right realists state crime destroys communities as well as threatens work ethic in today society, this view is shared with neo conservatives. As stated in item A James Q Wilson states that crime is a result of biological differences, some people are more biologically predisposition to commit crime. Eysenck’s personality theory states criminal behaviour is a result of genetics and the nervous system.
* What significant challenges do you think exist with regard to crime reporting? Explain. * How do you think these challenges can be overcome? Explain. Nathan Malbrue Charles Hauber Victimology CJUS280-1403A-01 7/18/2014 PH 2 DB Measuring Crime Victimization This paper will cover sources of reporting crime/arrest data and which I feel is best.
Organized Crime Prevention and Control As one author put it, “organized crime has been defined in the relative absence of Knowledge” about its true dimensions (Castle, 2008, p. 139). Albanese (1996) explains crime and possible organized crime in terms of the typologies of positivism, classicism, structural, and ethical explanations. The positive approach explains organized crime as caused by social and economic factors that include: poor neighborhoods and role models, lack of opportunity to achieve the “American Dream,” dysfunctional families, and even genetics. The positivist sees change in the conditions as a means to prevent criminal behavior. Walter Miller’s classic article “Ideology and Criminal Justice Policy” concluded with the observation, “when assertions are made about what measures best serve the purposes of securing order, justice, and the public welfare, one should ask, ‘How do we know this?’” (1973, p. 150).
A good term for this is called “Social Desirability Bias” which means that you reply in a manner that is socially acceptable and desirable. The main purpose of this study is to allow the participants to describe the crimes in their own words instead of implying from observing participants. Honesty in these self-report studies help many different groups to better understand crime and criminal behavior. They use these reports to gather information to put them into statistics. The reports that are used are collected from the NIBRS (National Incident-Based Reporting System) and NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) and published by FBI in their yearly UCR ( Uniform Crime Report.)
The Central Route involves cognitive effort from the recipitant and consistency of active engagement; in other words the recipient has to be interested in the message and matter itself which results in permanent change in attitude/behaviour. While the Peripheral Route to persuasion involves minimal cognitive effort by the recipient, with persuasion taking place through factors other than the message commonly through the use of an attractive social model which is commonly used if there is a limited time to think about the message which in result could lack persuasion power to the recipient and therefore it results in a temporary change of attitude/behaviour. From this outline a mobile phone company might use the knowledge taken from the model in a campaign to market a new phone, through taking both routes of the Elaboration Likelihood model of persuasion which are the Central Route and Peripheral Route. The first factor to enable this process of persuasion would be by using Central route of persuasion which in result leads to permanent attitude change, which is important when trying to succeed in a new product. To enable this to happen the advert should be detailed with including strong arguments about the specific features of the phone, which will add attractiveness to the recipent of the product; an example could be by the styling/design of the phone to be aimed at the buisness population.
For something to be valid it has to assess what it is supposed to assess (Psychology for the VCE student, 2005), therefore personality profiling when in correlation with criminal profiling is a valid tool. When something is reliable it means that it has an ability to assess what it is supposed to be assessing affectively and consistently (Psychology for the VCE student, 2005). Criminal profiling can never be one hundred percent reliable because it is only a profile that the police can use to narrow their search. There are many criminal profiling theories that can be related to personality theories. Organized/Disorganized dichotomy developed by John Douglas and Robert Ressler can be linked to Eysenck’s personality theory.
Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the value of the right realist approach to crime and deviance. From the perspective of right realism, they regard crime as an increasing problem, especially street crime, which they believe are having a negative impact on communities and damaging the cohesion they have constructed. Right realists believe that it is better to find more practical solutions in order to reduce this soaring problem. Firstly, right realists such as Wilson and Herrnstein believe in the idea of a biosocial theory, where criminal behaviour may be genetically inherited or influenced by the individual’s social group which might cause them to be more prone towards committing compared to others. For example, personality traits such as aggressiveness and risk taking, which can be inherited and socially influenced, could therefore result in some individuals being more susceptible of committing a crime compared to others.
techniques we can change or modify the way we think, to cause us to feel and act better even if our external situations and events do not change. THREE FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS. 1. “ Cognitive appraisals of events can affect behavioural responses to those events. How one interprets or perceives the reality of a situation or event will affect ones decision in terms of how to react or “feel about” the event or situation.
Cognitive Interview Technique Eye-witness accounts are unreliable which has led to attempts by researchers to find methods that improve the reliability of eye-witness accounts. The cognitive Interview technique is a technique used for questioning by police to enhance retrieval of information from the witnesses’ memory. The techniques of the cognitive interview: -The interviewer tries to mentally reinstate the environmental and personal context of the crime for the witness, perhaps by asking them about their general activates and feelings on the day. This could include sights, sounds, feelings and emotional the weather etc. -Witnesses are asked to report the incident from different perspective describing what they think other witness (or even criminals themselves) might have seen.
Soc Theory Deterrence Theory The deterrence doctrine follows the process similar to other social control viewpoints, which aim to understand the reasoning behind what causes people to deter from committing crimes. Cesare Becarria and Jeremy Bentham first implied the notion of the deterrence doctrine in hopes of reinstating “harsh, inequitable and often-capricious criminal justice system.” (pg.388, Sheley) They fought to institute guidelines and policies in order to provide the best outcome for the greatest number of people by maximizing reward and minimizing cost. Beccaria and Bentham believed the most sufficient way to uphold this theory was to have the overall cost of punishment outweigh the potential criminal reward presented amongst possible delinquents. “Formally defined, deterrence is the omission of an act as a response to the perceived risk and fear of punishment for contrary behavior.” (Pg.388, Sheley) According to Gibbs, deterrence can be divided in two categories known as specific deterrence and general deterrence. Specific deterrence generally targets individuals who have been punished or currently being punished for a criminal act with the hope of preventing them from committing crimes in the near future.