C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon fuels Additional guidance: a) Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain some sulfur. The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. Solid particles (particulates) may also be released. Candidates should be able to relate products of combustion to the elements present in compounds in the fuel and to the extent of combustion (whether complete or partial). No details of how the oxides of nitrogen are formed are required, other than the fact that they are formed at high temperatures.
Tammy Thanaporn Amornkasemwong 1st September 2011 Science Period 8 Introduction: How much energy can be released from fuels? Combustion is the process of burning fuel in order to produce heat. The intention of this experiment is to find whether different fuels produce different amount of energy. In the process of combustion in this experiment, cheeto, half a cashew nut, wax candle and ethanol are used as fuels combust with lighter, as heat and oxygen. When the fuels combust, oxygen and fuels react, and heat released.
Lab 4 – Energy Sources and Alternative Energy Experiment 1: The Effects of Coal Mining Table 1: pH of Water Samples | Water Sample | Initial pH | Final pH (24-48 hours) | Pyrite | 4.5 | 5 | Activated Carbon | 4.5 | 6.5 | Water | 4.5 | 4.5 | POST LAB QUESTIONS 1. Develop hypotheses predicting the effect of pyrite and coal on the acidity of water? a. Pyrite hypothesis = Adding pyrite to water it will cause the pH levels to increase. b. Coal hypothesis = If I add activated carbon to the water it will lower the pH level of the water.
a. Pyrite hypothesis accept/reject = I accept the hypothesis because after adding pyrite to water and letting it sit for 48 hours the acidity level increased b. Coal (activated carbon) hypothesis accept/reject = I accept the hypothesis because after adding coal to water the acidity level increased. 3. Based on your data, what effect do you predict coal mining has on the environment? Answer = Coal mining will have a negative effect on the environment because once coal
Lab 4 – Energy Sources and Alternative Energy Experiment 1: The Effects of Coal Mining |Table 1: pH of Water Samples | |Water Sample |Initial pH |Final pH (24-48 hours) | |Pyrite |6 |7 | |Activated Carbon |6 |7 | |Water |6 |6 | NOTE: Picture below is after 48 hours of all three samples sitting in a warm place. [pic] POST LAB QUESTIONS 1. Develop hypotheses predicting the effect of pyrite and coal on the acidity of water? a. Pyrite hypothesis = If pyrite is in the water source, then it will make the specimen more acidic. b.
Copper Cycle Lab Purpose: In this experiment the student will gain familiarity with basic lab procedures, some chemistry of a typical transition element, and the concept of percent yield. Equipment: Balance (2) 250 mL beakers Evaporating dish Stirring rod Hotplate 100 mL grad cylinder Weighing paper Materials: 0.5 g of copper wire 2.0 M H2SO4 (aq) Acetone Conc. HNO3 (aq) 3.0 M NaOH Granular zinc Introduction: Understanding the type of reaction taking place is an important part of predicting the products of a reaction. Common chemical reactions can be described as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion, or oxidation and reduction reactions. Each of these types of reactions behaves in a similar fashion.
To make the clay, 250 mL of distilled water was heated in a 600 mL beaker to 70° to be used as a hot water bath for the Erlenmeyer flask. 40 mL of distilled water was added to the flask along with .80 g of FeCl3, .40 g of FeSO4-, and .30 g of Bentonite. Using tongs, the flask was stirred in the hot water bath to disperse the iron compounds and the clay. The flask was then taken out of the hot water bath and 20 mL of NaOH was added drop-wise. After it was properly cooled, the solution was equally distributed to four centrifuge tubes and centrifuged for 5 minutes.
Lab 4 – Energy Sources and Alternative Energy Experiment 1: The Effects of Coal Mining |Table 1: pH of Water Samples | |Water Sample |Initial pH |Final pH (24-48 hours) | |Pyrite |5 |6 | |Activated Carbon |6 |7 | |Water |5 |5 | POST LAB QUESTIONS 1. Develop hypotheses predicting the effect of pyrite and coal on the acidity of water? a. Pyrite hypothesis = Pyrite will contaminate the water source making it more acidic. b. Coal hypothesis = Coal will contaminate the water source making it more acidic.
We selected a spirit burner and recorded the name of the fuel into our table; we also included the mass of the whole burner. We then clamped the steel can so that the spirit burner will fit under it. We light the wick of the spirit burner and placed it underneath the can. After we used the thermometer and to gently stir the water when the temperature increased by 20 we put the lid on the burner to put the flame out, we then recorded the new mass of the whole burner including the lid and fuel inside. We repeated thus experiment twice with each fuel, using clean water each time.
When the gas comes out of the ground, it comes out wet. The first stage of the refining process involves on-site heating of the gas to 212 degrees to evaporate any non-methane hydrocarbons and fluids that are mixed into the gas. (Arthur, 2008) The condensate that is generated from this process is then vented into the atmosphere. The condensate often contains the same chemical additives that are added to the well during the fracking process, as well as volatile organic compounds that are naturally occurring in the ground where the gas is stored (Witter,