Why it is a good strategy to use to address phobias? Classical conditioning is a learning method that happens when two stimuli are continually paired; a response that is at first triggered by the second stimulus is eventually triggered by the first stimulus only. Operant conditioning is a behavioral theory based on the effects of consequences on behavior. They only affect future behavior. It also selects any behavior and it occurs automatically (Cooper et al, 2007).
First is the idea that people can learn through observation. Next is the idea that internal mental states are an essential part of this process. Finally, this theory recognizes that just because something has been learned, it does not mean that it will result in a change in behaviour. Piaget – Cognitive Development He became intrigued with the reasons children gave for their wrong answers on
1. Explain the purpose of the following types of assessment in learning and development • Initial Assessment • Formative Assessment • Summative Assessment Formative Assessment Initial assessment provides the information needed to plan an individual’s learning and improve their chances of learning effectively. Without it, there are only assumptions. It’s always possible to make some predictions about learners from an application form or selection test, but it’s an insecure basis for planning. Learners themselves bring assumptions about learning based on the past, and some of these may get in the way of looking ahead to a new way of learning.
This is because reinforcement is done so that the behaviour occurs more, but punishments are given to decrease certain behaviour. Positive reinforcement is, instead of taking something away, you add something so that behaviour will occur again in the future. This means that you get a reward for
Additionally, it is important to note the major ideas of the sensory integration theory: “1. Learning is dependent on the ability to take in a process sensation from movement and the environment and use it to plan and organize behavior. 2. Individuals who have a decreased ability to process sensation also may have difficulty producing appropriate actions, which, in turn, may interfere with learning and behavior. 3.
Rotter believed that a psychological theory should have a psychological motivational principal, and that people were motivated to seek out positive reinforcement or stimulus and to avoid the negative of either. (Mearns). His publication Social Learning in Clinical Society (1954) integrated the concepts of this learning theory with the personality theory. Overall Rotter’s social learning theory suggests that behavior is influenced by social context or environmental factors, and not psychological factors alone. In the 1960’s Albert Bandura expanded on
| What are the three principles of operant conditioning and explain them? Shaping- An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior (Reinforcements =guide to desired behavior) Positive Reinforcements- Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Negative Reinforcements- Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response ( negative reinforcements are not punishments) Punishment- an event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
UGC NET - PSYCHOLOGY PAPER II – UNIT 2 Instrumental Learning Operant conditioning - Introducation • Other names: instrumental learning or instrumental conditioning. • It is the study of how behavior is affected by its consequences. • Defn: Operant conditioning explains how voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened depending on positive or negative consequences. • In classical conditioning the original behavior is a natural biological response. • On the contrary, operant conditioning is applied on the behaviors that are voluntary.
1:1 Reflective practice is a technique which you stop and think about your actions, carefully think through your decision making and relate it to what you do when in practice. Focus on the areas that could be improved on and evaluate your practice and learn new skills and ideas. For example: thinking about the development of your learning, thinking about your own behaviour, what could have been improved, coming up with an alternative from the evaluation, asking yourself this happened because, it would have been better if and next I will. Doing all of these actions cn help us learn from our mistakes and do better next time. 1:2 The importance of reflective practice is learning from previous experiences and improving from them.
Instrumental conditioning, is when behavior is reinforced and is dependent on his or her behavior (Olson & Hergenahn, 2013). Classical conditioning, is when an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditioned response and visa-versa many times, which changes behavior. Instrumental and classical cognition both can change one’s behavior, but classical conditioning helps in forming a behavior that more conductive to survival, and instrumental conditioning helps in learning to avoid certain situations, events, or effects. Cognitive expectancy is an important factor in instrumental and classical