There were two theories propose regarding the domestication of wolves. First, it was believed that wolves were domesticated by taking wolf pups away from their natural habitat, taming and conditioning them to live with humans (Clutton-Brock,1995). Another theory was that wolves domesticated themselves by adapting to the human environment (Coppinger and Coppinger,2002). The theory by Coppinger and Coppinger (2002) was more supported by recent discoveries and it seemed that dogs domesticated themselves by involving themselves with humans and so this explains the relationship and interaction by dogs and
Assignment 1: Asses the 6 psychological perspectives Explain and assess all 6 of the psychological perspectives you have learnt. Behaviourist – Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment called ‘Classical Conditioning’. At first, the Russian physiologist was working on an investigation of a dog’s digestive system, and the amount of salvation levels towards food. He had the dog in a harness, and a test tube under the dog’s mouth to collect the saliva. However, every time the dog saw the experimenter, the dog had already started to salivate before it came close to eating the food; this was unusual.
Who was the theorist? B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov were the theorists who developed the behaviourist theories What is Operant Conditioning? Operant conditioning is the changing ones behaviour by the use of reinforcement which is given after a desired response. What was the study that links with operant conditioning? Skinner studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments using animals which he placed in a “Skinner Box” which was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box.
Classical conditioning refers to the process of learning through association. This involves an animal or a human learning to associate something new with something that naturally causes a response eventually making the new thing cause the same response itself. A key example found within psychology for the process of classical conditioning would be that of Pavlov’s dog experiment. Pavlov was initially doing experiments on dogs and salivating and noticed that when the dogs heard his footsteps, they begin to salivate involuntarily. This is due to them learning to associate the sound of Pavlov’s footstep with food.
The theory is that people/animals are taught to be the way they are and react e.g. exceptionally emotional or overly aggressive. Classical conditioning. The classical conditioning theory was made known by Ivan Pavlov (see photo on right). He studied the behaviour of dogs using a machine installed in a special room as shown in the picture below.
Then a scenario will be use to explain an example of classical conditioning. In the 20th century, Ivan Pavlov had unexpectedly come across the philosophy of classical conditioning, when he was researching his dogs’ digestion system. During his research he realized that the dogs tend to salivate to the sight of food, so then he paired the food with a bell to see if the
The conditioned stimulus is the stimulus that eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. The conditioned response is the learned response from the conditioned stimulus. All of these components are used throughout every case of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning was first used by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov experimented classical conditioning by experimenting with dogs.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is presented after a response, thus encouraging the response to be repeated. Negative reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is removed after a response, encouraging the response to be repeated. In this context, the terms positive and negative do not refer to good or bad; but rather, to the addition or remove of a stimulus. Punishment is the opposite
P1: Explain the principal psychological perspectives: Introduction: For this assignment I have to describe how the theories of classical conditioning can be applied in health and social care settings that deal with challenging or modifying behaviour. Classical conditioning: This is a theory which was originally developed by Ivan Pavlov in his experiments on a dog salivating when being shown food, it was discovered when the dog had learned the arrival of the assistant meant food was coming and so the dog salivated early (before even smelling the food.) from this experiment we can understand why classical conditioning is to do with reminder, some psychologists (evolutionary) say that some of the prehistoric phobias were survival related for example associating heights or oceans of water with death therefore creating the phobia of heights and water which make you avoid them in order to avoid death. In my opinion this makes sense, in the same way that animals and prehistoric hums would have avoided brightly coloured berries as they were poisonous. www.tatic.ddmcdn.com/gif/dog-training Applying classical conditioning to the health and social care sector: Like any behaviourist theory of learning, classical conditioning helps explain certain behaviourisms and why we do specific things that we do.
These tests help prove that brain activity in dogs was present and that neural activity in the LGN of the thalamus and in the occipital cortex play an important role in canines as they do for humans (Willis, Quinn, McDonell, Gati, Partlow, & Vilis, 2001). With better technology, we are able to conduct experiments and develop significant results into scientific evidence how the canine visual system works. It is important to understand the canines system before we can determine any differences or similarities. Next, it’s important to understand that every breed of dog is unique so they all see things a bit differently. For example, some dogs are sighthounds, while others are not.