It is most commonly consumed by humans in infusions extracted from the seed of the coffee plant and the leaves of the tea bush, as well as from various foods and drinks containing products derived from the kola nut. Other sources include yerba maté, guarana berries, guayusa, and the yaupon holly. The purpose of this investigation is to find out whether caffeinated energy drinks are bad for human’s health. Chemical Properties: Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) is the common name for trimethylxanthine (systematic name is 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine or 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione). The chemical is also known as coffeine, theine, mateine, guaranine, or methyltheobromine.
While aspartame, like other peptides, has a caloric value of 4 calories per gram, the quantity of aspartame needed to produce a sweet taste is so small that its caloric contribution is negligible, which makes it a popular sweetener for those trying to avoid calories from sugar. The sweetness of aspartame has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar. The most popular brands of aspartame are Equal and NutraSweet, which are found in many consumer foods and beverages. Sucralose is manufactured by the selective chlorination of sucrose, in which three of the hydroxyl groups are replaced with chlorine atoms. Sucralose is approximately 600 times as sweet as sucrose, twice as sweet as saccharin, and four times as sweet as aspartame.
Aims Aim 1: To identify and prepare a natural indicator using red cabbage. Aim 2: To use the natural indicator and two other commercial indicators (universal indicator and phenolphthalein) to classify five household substances as acidic, basic or neutral. Background information An indicator is a substance that, in solution changes colour depending on whether the solution is acidic or basic . Many plants and flowers have natural substances which have indicating properties that allow them to be used as indicators . One of the best natural indicators can be extracted from red cabbage.
When plants are cut they release a chemical called catechol and an enzyme called catechol oxidase. The enzyme converts catechol to benzoquinone which is toxic to bacteria. Benzoquinone is intended to prevent microbe invasion. It is this chemical that gives plants a brown color. The citric acid in lemon juice denatures the catechol oxidase, rendering it ineffective.
Abstract: This experiment was created to discover how effective Bentonite clay is in the removal of the contaminants known as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). The clay was first synthesized, then used in a side-by-side experiment with charcoal, which is known to be successful in the adsorption of PAHs and used as a standard. An absorption spectrum for a red dye with PAHs was used to determine how much of the PAHs the clay and charcoal adsorbed. Although the clay did in fact adsorb PAHs, the charcoal was much more effective. Introduction: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds that are suspected to be human carcinogens1.
The flowers and leaves of red clover are also blended to make a red clover oil which is applied to dry skin conditions such as eczema. 4.Explain the special properties the plant has to make it suitable for their purposes. -The special properties a red clover flower has that makes it suitable for helping menopause issues is red clover flowers contains a plant based chemical called isoflavones. Isoflavones have been shown to reduce a lot of menopause symptoms because of their estrogen like effects. -red clover flowers have a substance called coumarins, this substance thins and purifies blood making it suitable for the purpose of purifying blood.
Steam distillation of freshly ground cloves results in clove oil, a combination of several compounds. Eugenol accounts for the majority of the compound, roughly 85%-90%; while eugenol acetate comprises a smaller amount, roughly 9 to 10 percent. Clove oil is a part of a class of natural products called essential oils used as flavorings and perfumes and, in the past, were considered to be the “essence” of clove trees. The principle of steam distillation is based on the fact that two immiscible liquids will boil a lower temperature together rather than individually. When two compounds are not miscible, co-distillation can performed instead.
When you smell caraway oil, you will get a moist wood type smell. When you smell the spearmint oil, you should smell a really strong minty smell. Not only is it really minty, but it has a slight smell of alcohol. In the second part of this lab, you will be using an analytical gas chromatography. The analytical gas chromatography will tell you the retention times of the components in your substance.
VOCs were broken down into specific contaminants which include chlorobenzene, 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene, and trichloroethene (EPA, 2012). Chlorobenzene also known as mono-chlorobenzene is a toxic chemical that is frequently used in manufacturing and producing pesticides such as DDT (OEHHA, 2000). Mono-chlorobenzene can also be used in to produce other manmade chemicals such as nitrochlorobenzenes and diphenyl oxide. All chemicals listed have been used primarily to create herbicides, rubber chemicals, and one of Ciba-Geigy Corporations largest product, dye. The chemical is a colorless liquid which makes it nearly impossible to detect in water and has the ability to harm the population by inhaling the polluted air (OEHHA, 2000).
Avocado an introduction The tree from which the commercial avocado fruit (technically a berry due to the fact it develops from a single ovary and has the seed embedded in the fruit), come from the avocado tree Persea americana Mill which originates from Central America. The avocado is a nutritious fruit high in lipids particularly mono unsaturated which may help lower levels of cholesterol. Avocados are sources of fibre and fairly high levels of protein. It is a good source of Vitamins A, B3, B5, C and E and of the mineral potassium. For a more detailed breakdown of avocados see appendix 1.