Economic costs of inflation- Inflations economic costs would include damage to competitiveness as high inflation could cause spiralling price multiplier effect; as prices go up workers would demand higher wages so increasing business costs and another round of price rises to maintain business profits- making exports for expensive, thus reducing the demand for them causing a decrease and AD domestically. Additionally this may lead to unemployment as more costs to the firm i.e. menu costs. Change in inflation could also cause uncertainty to consumers/businesses to spend and invest as they don’t know what the future holds, this can decrease confidence in the market and potentially, in the longer term, cause and reduction in AD. Economic costs of deflation- deflation has proved to have several economic costs, the main cost is that it encourages differed expenditure where people’s expectations change and they delay spending in the hope of getting a better deal.
These factors indicate current and future values of the short-term rates, therefore it creates issue with future long-term rates. Lower rates and positive economic activity adds value to the dollar in oversea markets. Households spending increases, businesses invest in property and equipment, and production leads to new hires. Conversely, when inflation is threatening, the Fed reduces the risk by shrinking the supply (Keynes,
Or in other words Inflation occurs when the supply of money far exceeds the supply of goods and services. The functions of money are to serve as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value. Inflation mainly affects the ability of money to serve as a store of value, since inflation erodes money's purchasing power, making it less attractive as a store of value. Money also isn't as useful as a unit of account when there's inflation, because stores have to change prices more
However, pensioners will be hit hard because the extra income they earn from saving will have dramatically reduced, making them worse off. On the other hand, savers may leave the pound for better interest rates in other countries (hot money), causing a fall in the demand for the pound. As a result the value of the pound will fall, making exports cheaper and there will be an injection of net exports. In conclusion, the impact of loose monetary policy will be beneficial to the economy because extra consumption and investment will cause AD to increase which will increase economic growth. However, it takes a long time for changes in interest rates to feed through to consumption and investment and by then the economy may have gotten worse.
When the demand for U.S. dollars increases, the value of the dollar will increase or appreciate (Stone 2008, pp. 685). As a result, U.S. products become more expensive for foriegners causing a reduction in exports and increasing imports. This not only effects the U.S. economy, but also affects the economies in other countries. Monetary policies influence and are influenced by international developments, including exchange rates, and based on these market conditions the U.S. government can make strategic changes to these policies to maintain the country’s economic stability (full employment, stable growth and price stability).
In contrast, Supply side economists believe that unemployment is caused by the supply side of the economy not functioning properly. Extract E states how the recent strong performance of our labour market has “to some extent, been based on a foundation of macro economic stability“. This macroeconomic stability has been reached by using “appropriate fiscal and monetary policies to manage aggregate demand“. The fall in unemployment from 7.1% to 4.7% from 1997 to 2006 shown in Extract D is therefore evidence that managing aggregate demand can contribute to an effective reduction in unemployment. Managing aggregate demand(eg) can be self-financing because when the increase in aggregate demand causes an increase in employment, it means that fewer people would be on unemployment benefits.
As the demand for one product decreases it can cause a chain reaction lowering the demand for products needed to produce the first product. This cycle will continue until the demand for manufactures goods increased and its citizen’s put more capital back into the economy. This theory is true for any reason that people stop buying goods, if the demand goes down so does the supply and the money spent on the supply. In effort to stabilize an economy that is stuck in the decreasing demand and supply cycle the government should increase spending and find ways to increase individual spending across the country. As the capital is put back into the economy the demand for supplies will go up.
Layoffs increase unemployment and decrease consumer spending in all sectors. Less spending means more revenue loss, perpetuating the cycle. Shoplifting affects the economy because it means the store is losing money. When stores lose money, the raise their prices. This causes people to have to pay more for products.
How does inflation affect money's ability to store value? (3-6 sentences. 2.0 points) inflation can decrease the value of money over time. Inflation is when the value of money goes down, so that you can't get as much for your money as you could in the past. If inflation is increasing, which means the value of money is going down, it may make more sense to invest the money in investments that are likely to increase in value.
When times of war or acts of the like required for a economy's government to spend above the limits of its gold supply in turn the government would print extra money into circulation to compensate the excessive expenditures. This would cause a problem when these times of crisis would end and the extra printed money caused rapid inflation with in that nation. That nation would then try to re-establish it's rate hold per ounce of gold, yet not being able to internationally maintain that rate which would cause failure in this system. This is just one good reason I see as the collapse of the gold standard. 2.