ADP and Pi then recombine and cause the protein to revert back to its original shape. This process means that molecules can move against a concentration gradient so more glucose and other substances can be fully absorbed. Active transport is also used in neurone cells to maintain a resting potential where the outside of the cell is positively charged compared to the inside. The sodium Potassium pump moves 3 sodium ions out of the neurone for every 2 potassium ions moved in. This is against the concentration gradient so requires ATP to move them via active transport.
When a solution a cell is placed in has more more atoms than the cell has the solution is known as a hypertonic solution while a solution holding less water than the cell it is known as a hypotonic solution. OBJECTIVES: -Diffusion and osmosis move materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration -Diffusion and osmosis will move in two directions at the same time -Glucose will move down the concentration gradient
A diuretic provides the means of forced diuresis, which increases the rate of urination. There are many categories of diuretics, but all of them increase the excretion of water from bodies. One of the most important functions of diuretics is that they remove all of the excess water from the body. Caffeine contains Xanthines, which is a diuretic through inhibiting the reabsorption sodium ions, and increasing the glomerulus filtration rate. Water filters from the blood through the kidneys.
Small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse in and out of the cells through the phospholipid bilayer; ions and glucose molecules enter and leave the cell via the channel proteins. Waste products such as nitrogenous compounds are carried to the kidneys and are excreted in the form of urine. Antidiuretic hormone, (ADH), is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. It is carried by the plasma to the kidney and stimulate the occurrence of water reabsorption. When the body is dehydrated, ADH is released, causing the collecting ducts to become more permeable.
It carries energy around the cell to where it’s needed. ATP is synthesised from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) using energy from an energy-releasing reaction e.g the breakdown of glucose in respiration. The energy is stored as chemical energy in the phosphate bond, the enzyme ATP synthase catalyses this reaction. ATP diffuses to the part of the cell that needs energy. Here it’s broken down back into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
Catalase is a substance which is produced by the liver to break down hydrogen peroxide. The reaction for the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide is as follows- 2H2O2 (liquid)—catalase --- 2H2O (liquid) + O2 (gas) Hydrogen Peroxide is a clear liquid which is commonly used as bleach and as disinfectants or antiseptic. Even cells in our body produce Hydrogen Peroxide as a part of the Immune system to kill bacteria. In this experiment, the effect of different concentrations of the Hydrogen Peroxide solution on the 2 different types of catalase given was investigated. The paper discs were dipped in the samples given, one being a Yeast solution and the other a Catalase solution.
Smaller solutes and fluid pass through the membrane, but the membrane blocks the passage of larger substances (for example, red blood cells, large proteins). This replicates the filtering process that takes place in the kidneys, when the blood enters the kidneys and the larger substances are separated from the smaller ones in the glomerulus. a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane. In this lab, one will observe the properties of diffusion and osmosis and model the data one receives on a standard curve. With knowledge of water potentials, one can chart the gains and losses of water to find the molarity of a specific solution.
At the introduction to the duodenum, alpha amylase is secreted by the pancreas and further breaks down the carbohydrates into primary simple sugars. Then they are transported and absorbed by the small intestine via the villi on the epithelial lining of the lumen of the small intestine. The epithelium absorbs these simple saccharides (such as dextrin and maltose). These sugars, in their simplest forms (as glucose, fructose, or galactose), will enter the capillaries where they enter the blood stream via different transporters such as the GLUT transporter (a facilitative sugar transporter)(7). Fructose and galactose will enter the liver via the hepatic portal system where they are broken down to glucose.
It can be expected that once amylase reacts with the starch, maltose will then be broken down and less starch will be visible and more sugar will be apparent thus causing the solution mixed with iodine to become lighter and lighter. Materials and Methods Materials included: · · Rack of test tubes · Three spot plates · Hot plate · Large beaker for water bath · Amylase · Disposable droppers · Marker · Starch solution · Distilled water · IKI(dropper) · Benedict’s solution Method/Procedure 1. Identification of Starch To be able to identify the presence of starch, it was necessary to make a sample test by using IKI in wells on the spot plate. Three wells on the spot plate were filled with one drop of IKI each. In the first well two drops of water was mixed with the IKI to show what a negative
Neurones also have a sodium-potassium pump embedded into the neurone membrane, which allows for the neurone’s resting potential to be maintained. A similar pump that is on the cristae of the mitochondria, called the ATP synthase pump, which allows for the production of ATP during respiration. Hydrogen ions from the electron transport chain are diffused into the intermembrane space between the cristae and outer membrane of the mitochondria, creating a concentration gradient, so H+ ions rush through the pump, joining ADP and Phosphate. To use the ATP, another pump (ATPase), ATP binds to the carrier and