The cough reflex is a long and deep inhalation followed by the closing of the glottis, this causes a strong exhalation that pushes the glottis open and sends air through the respiratory passages. Coughing can occur when a foreign body is located in the larynx, trachea or epiglottis. Cari is coughing due to the mucus and fluid buildup in her lungs and her body is trying to expel it. Question C: Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter? Alveolar macrophage protects her lungs by wondering around the alveoli space collecting dust, particles and debris.
When we come in contact with or do something that irritates our lungs, we trigger off an asthma attack. Our airways become narrow and the muscles around them become rather tight. This makes it difficult for us to breathe and causes wheezing, coughing and feel tight chest pains. People who are heavy smokers are more likely to suffer from asthma. Also as we get older our bodies weaken, including our chest making vital infections much harder to fight.
Three main factors contribute to this: peribronchial fibrosis, build-up of scar tissue from damage to the airways and over-multiplication of the epithelial cells lining the airways.3,4 Parenchymal destruction is associated with loss of lung tissue elasticity, which occurs as a result of destruction of the structures supporting and feeding the alveoli (emphysema). This means that the small airways collapse during exhalation, impeding airflow, trapping air in the lungs and reducing lung capacity (Figure 2). Inflammatory cells__2 Figure 1: Inflammatory and immune cells involved in COPD.2 Adapted from Barnes, PJ. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8:183-92 11grafik2 Figure 2: Airflow limitation in
B -Environmental Lung Diseases: *Result from inhaled dust or chemicals *Pneumoconiosis is a general term used for a group of lung diseases caused by inhalation and retention of mineral, metal or dust particles *Repeated exposure to the irritant can cause pul. Fibrosis -Chemical pneumonitis *Results from exposure to toxic chemicals *Clinically pt has pul edema -Hypersensitivity pneumonitis *An individual inhales irritants to which they are allergic too *Clinical manifestations occur w/in 4-6 hrs of exposure and incl. fever, chills, cough, SOB and malaise Clinical Manifestations: -Typically do not appear for 10-15 yrs after exposure but incl. dyspnea, coughing, wheezing and weight loss -Cor pulmonale is a late manifestation. *Cor pulmonale is an enlargement of the right ventricle Check what ya know (Answers at end) 6.)
Invades nasopharynx where it replicates & spreads down to lower airway via aspiration of upper airway secretions. Causes necrosis of respiratory epithelium of small airways, peribronchiolar mononuclear infiltration & plugging of the lumens with mucus and exudate. The small airways become variably obstructed; this allows adequate inspiratory volume but prevents full expiration. This leads to hyperinflation & atelectasis. Serious alterations in gas exchange occur with arterial hypoxemia & CO2 retention resulting from mismatching of pulmonary ventilation (gas exchange w/in lungs) and perfusion.
Chronic Bronchitis SPC. Martin 68.W Chronic Bronchitis • • • • Chronic Bronchitis Progression Symptoms Treatments Chronic Bronchitis Chronic Bronchitis • • • • What is Chronic Bronchitis Chronic mucus Coughing Progression • The inflammation of CB eventually causes scarring of the bronchial tube lining. • Excessive amounts of mucus will be constantly produced if the tubes have been irritated for a long period of time. • Air flow becomes vulnerable because the tubes lining become very thick and causes an irritating cough to develop. • This is when the lungs begin to scar.
Which causes short of breath. Chronic bronchitis is where it carries air to the lungs and becomes inflamed and a lot of mucus is produced. This makes it harder by the airways becoming narrow or
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Anatomy & Physiology Immune System Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or also called Lupus is an autoimmune disorder. Which means that the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue, it may affect the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other very important organs. This ultimately leads to chronic (long-term) inflammation. The severity of the disease varies, from mild cases only involving the skin to severe cases affecting multiple organs, including the brain. Lupus sufferers experience flares or intervals of active disease and
Research Paper on Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, also known as ARDS is described as a restrictive lung disease that reduces compliance. This is a life threatening condition that causes severe fluid buildup in both lungs. The fluid buildup prevents the lungs being able to transfer oxygen from air into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body into the air. It is seen frequently in critical care and is associated with many medical diagnoses such as sepsis and trauma. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome is not considered to be a precise disease and is seen in an individual who demonstrates breathing failures due to an essential illness.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) Cystic fibrosis (CF), also known as mucoviscidosis, is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects most critically the lungs, and also the pancreas, liver, and intestine. It is characterized by abnormal transport of chloride and sodium across an epithelium, leading to thick, viscous secretions. The name cystic fibrosis refers to the characteristic scarring (fibrosis) and cyst formation within the pancreas, first recognized in the 1930s. Difficulty breathing is the most serious symptom and results from frequent lung infections that are treated with antibiotics and other medications. Other symptoms, including sinus infections, poor growth, and infertility affect other parts of the body.