Organelles include mitochondria, Iysosomes, the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria: Every cell in the body has at least 1000 of these rod-shaped, spherical bodies and very energetic active cells like muscle and liver cells will have much more. Mitochondria are concerned with energy release. Each mitochondria has a double layered membrane but the inner layer is folded at intervals, which produces a series of ridges known as cristae. The enzymes responsible for the end stages of glucose oxidation are located on the cristae.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a system of interconnected membranous sacs, channels, or cisternae in the cytoplasm. It has two subtypes: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The RER is a ribbon-like structure surrounding the nucleus near the base of the cell. Its surface appears rough due to the ribosomes attached to its membrane and it is the first organelle into which membranebound or extracellular proteins are inserted. SER lacks ribosomes and participates in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
Identify data sources, plan, choose equipment or resources and perform a first-hand investigation to test the effect of increased temperature, change in pH and change in substrate concentrations on the activity of named enzyme(s). Part A effect of temperature Information Rennin is an enzyme that acts on the milk protein casein, causing it to set (clot and form a curd). This has the effect of keeping liquid foods in the stomach for long enough so that some digestion can take place. Rennin is found in the stomachs of babies and young children whose diet is mainly milk. Another source of rennin is junket tablets, which are used in setting milk into a solid junket or dessert.
Animal cells tend to have fewer and larger Golgi apparatus. Plant cells can contain as many as several hundred smaller versions. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins and lipids (fats) from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It modifies some of them and sorts, concentrates and packs them into sealed droplets called vesicles. Depending on the contents these are despatched to one of three destinations: Cytoplasm-The cytoplasm consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell.
There are many food products being sold today that are lactose-free. Some of these items are, Silk soymilk, coconut milk, almond milk, and many special types of cheeses and yogurt. By switching your regular, lactose-filled food products with some of these, can not only keep your love for all of these items within reach, but it can also keep your body healthy. If switching your cow’s milk for some soybean milk doesn’t sit well with your budget or you just can’t get over the taste/smell, do not lose hope. There is another option.
When Lipids are broken down they are broken into a glycerol molecule and fatty acids. Each of the fatty acids are then separated into 2 carbon groups and then converted to acetyl CoA. Then each acetyl CoA will enter the Kreb cycle (the citric acid cycle) making 12 ATP per Acetyl couple. !2 • • A1 Saturated Fat -Solid at room temperature -Carbon atoms have a single bond between them and are saturated with hydrogen atoms - They stack well because they are saturated with hydrogen making them solid at room temperature -Our body makes mostly saturated fats -They are mostly animal based (butter, cheese, lard) Unsaturated Fat -Liquid at room temperature -Have at least one double bond between the carbon atoms and can absorb more hydrogen atoms -They are unable to stack because the double bond leaves them kinked making them liquid at room temperature -Cell membranes need unsaturated fat -Mostly plant based (olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil) !3 A2 Saturated Fatty Acid A2a !4 Unsaturated Fatty Acid A2a !5 The role of fatty acid in the body • 1 Triglycerides- store energy, insulate the body,and provide protection to the bodies organs 2 Phospholipids- a basic part of the cell membrane which have a polar head which is hydrophilic and a hydrophobic tail 3 Waxes- a lipid which provides protection in the inner ear. 4 Steroids- A) a
This assignment will evaluate the importance of homeostasis in maintaining a healthy functioning of the body. If homeostasis did not work properly in the body then there are many problems that could arise. Diabetes is one of those problems: Diabetes Diabetes is “a permanent change in your internal chemistry that results having too much glucose in your blood” because the body cannot use it properly. (Rudy, 1999, Page 10) Glucose comes from digesting carbohydrates and is also produced by the liver, carbohydrate comes from many different kinds of foods and drink, such as Wholegrain cereals such as Weetabix and Shredded Wheat, Brown rice, Pasta and Potatoes. “Diabetes can be tackled in different ways- by insulin and diet” (Rudy, 1999, page 19) Diet, when someone had diabetes it is best for their health to cut right down on the unhealthy foods, and stick to the health foods, this is due to the effectiveness of the medication you are on.
Lactase is effective at pH 2 – 7 (including dH2O) and therefore breaks down the lactose sugar in milk into glucose and galactose. As a result, the test strips will turn a shade of brown. . Lactase is not effective at pH 10 – 12. At the high pHs, the enzyme lactase is denatured and is no longer able to break down the sugar lactose in milk.
The article suggests that we cut back on products that are highly sweetened with HFCS or any other sugar. ("Fear Of Hfcs") What does the research continue to say about HFCS and obesity? We must watch what we eat and be careful of the foods that we consume that are loaded with HFCS and sugar. As the research states, there are a large amount of foods that contain HFCS and it is almost unavoidable. In order to curb this issue, we must watch our waistline, we are to be careful as to what we eat, eat foods that are organic, cut back on sweets and exercise regularly.
It might be choosing a telescopic versus microscopic image. Once something has been observed scale becomes a different matter. The issue here highlights the difference between scale and type. Many biology textbooks mistakenly include a grand hierarchy that appears to be ordered by scale. It commonly goes from cells, though organism, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, biome, to biosphere.