a patient history of severe, prolonged chest pain, unequivocal electrocardiogram (ECG) changes that include abnormal and persistent Q waves,changes in serial cardiac biomarker levels that indicate myocardial injury and infarction. 3. What are the treatment goals for a patient with AMI? Management of acute pain includes both pain relief and interventions to reduce the thrombosis and oxygen demands. 4.
Pathophysiology of heart attack Definition: Myocardial infarction is the death of a segment of the heart muscle (usually by necrosis and sometimes by apoptosis) following myocardial ischemia (reduced blood supply) due to the occlusion (blockage) of the coronary artery by coronary thrombosis (blood clot) or by sudden narrowing as in spasm (usually causes only ischemia) Mechanism: Atherosclerosis formation narrows the coronary artery, fibro-fatty plaques formed of inflammatory cells, cholesterol, proteins and calcium. They are hard on the outside, soft on the inside. The hard surface cracks or tears exposing the soft inside. This calls for the formation of a blood clot starting with the platelet plug which further narrows the artery. Then a blood clot is formed, sometimes completely occluding the artery, leading to myocardial ischemia and heart muscle death in the supplied region mainly by necrosis, where the dead muscle tissue is replaced by collagen scar.
Symptoms of achalasia often include regurgitation, difficulty or pain when swallowing, and spasm-like chest pain. Treatments focus on trying to restore normal (peristaltic) contractions in the esophagus and relieving ongoing and often painful symptoms in patients. The several treatments and procedures available include; Drug therapy, Pneumatic dilation, Myotomy, and Botolinum toxic injections. Keywords: Achalasia, Myotomy, Pneumatic dilation, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Esophageal Achalasia: The Rare Swallowing Disease Esophageal achalasia affects approximately 1 in every 100,000 people. “Achalasia develops in about 3,000 people annually.
“Choose a medical condition that interests you and research it. Write about the possible uses of hypnosis in the treatment of the condition as you see them”. Introduction High blood pressure or hypertension is a condition that left untreated can cause stroke, kidney disease, heart problems that will ultimately kill a sufferer. The major problem with hypertension is that it does not have readily apparent symptoms and, for this reason, it is also known as ‘the silent killer’. According to NHS Direct around 30% of people in the UK have high blood pressure but don’t know it.
Sweating, dizziness, nausea, fainting, or shortness of breath may also occur. The dying area may upset normal electrical activity. The heart starts a wild, twitching movement called ventricular fibrillation. Then the heart is no longer pumping blood effectively. If this happens, CPR should be administered
Austin Schultz Anatomy Honors February 28, 2013 Tricuspid Regurgitation Definition – Disorder in which the heart's tricuspid valve does not close properly, thus causing blood to flow backward into the right atrium when the lower right ventricle contracts. Caused most commonly by an enlargement of the right ventricle, but may also be caused/worsened through problems with valves on the left side of the heart, pulmonary hypertension (high pressure in lung circulation), or diseases such as endocarditis, which is caused by anything that allows bacteria to enter the blood stream – such as unsanitary conditions during drug abuse. Signs & Symptoms – Include fatigue, active pulsing in neck veins, general swelling (such as that of the abdomen or the feet and ankles), weakness, etc. Diagnostic Test – When gently pressing with their hand on your chest, a health care provider may find abnormalities. A physical exam may show liver and spleen swelling as well as a pulse over your liver.
65-75% of small bowel obstructions are caused by adhesions (Royal Marsden 2011). Adhesions are loops of the intestine which adhere to scar tissue in the abdomen following abdominal surgery (Smeltzer 2010). When the small bowel becomes completely obstructed, the oral intake of fluid as well as saliva, gastric, biliary and pancreatic fluid accumulate above the obstruction (Royal Marsden 2011) the passage of all bowel contents also become impeded. This accumulation results in vomiting which in turn results in fluid loss and therefore an electrolyte imbalance, the secretion of sodium and potassium also increases (Doerr 2001). Peristalsis will initially continue, which as a result moves the contents of the intestine towards the obstruction; the peristalsis is what initially causes severe pain in the abdomen (Royal Marsden 2011).
Follow this by defibrillation if nessecary. Some signs and symptoms of cardiac arrest are loss of consiciousness or fainting, no pulse, some have racing heartbeats. About an hour before some may have chest pain, shortness of breath, or SOB, nausea and vomiting. Call 911 immediately if you witness a person with these symptoms. After reaching a hospital and are diagnosed the doctor may send you to a cardiologist, one who specializes in diagnosing and treating heart diseases and conditions.
Mr. Canton presented to the ER complaining of epigastric pain unrelieved by antacids. An EKG was done indicating ST segment elevation. The pain was not relieved by three sublingual nitroglycerin tablets. Three doses of morphine sulfate given intravenously relieved the pain and he was transferred to the cardiac intensive care unit to rule out a myocardial infarction. Data Obtained From Nursing Assessment • Skin cool and clammy.
Lack of sleep 4. Smoking 5. Family history of vascular disease 6. Unhealthy diet Create a brief summary of the information you have so far Joseph has many risk factors putting him at a greater risk of having cardiovascular disease. Just having a family risk of cardiovascular disease puts him at a higher risk.