Knowing the definitions of pitch, timbre, meter and loudness, to name a few, do not help me enjoy music more than what I already do. Even though Levitin defined music as sound reverberations striking the hearing mechanisms of the ear, he goes too into detail when he further describes music. Levitin also stated that the expert language is too complicated and creates a separation between musicians and other people, which is not justified by the writer in my opinion. If the expert language is too enigmatic, then why go into descriptive definitions? I believe that the writer should have started the book by not defining the countless list of musical terms, but rather, he should have answered his question to the title of the first chapter: What is Music?
The independent group design could have meant, by chance, the group who were told to expect no negative withdraws, were naturally more determined people, thus increasing their chance of giving up anyway. Without a control group we cannot see how many people would have relapsed with no expectations being induced. Furthermore, self report methods were used when reporting withdrawal symptoms, which are subjective and could be influenced by demand characteristics, with people guessing the aim of the study and trying to give answers to help the experimenter. Another cognitive explanation is the self medicated model, which descried relapse as a result of the individual believing without their addiction they cannot cope, focus on a task or feel bored without their addiction to occupy them. For example a smoker may feel too stressed to function properly at work, therefore relapse and continual smoking occurred to reduce these negative
As the source is also from a letter, it is unlikely the Duke of Suffolk would not have feared angering Wolsey as otherwise the letter would have been private. In comparison to this, Source 2 may not be very reliable either as Wolsey would not have wanted to upset Henry and so would make events seem a lot more positive than they may have been. It can also be suggested that as source 2 was written 2 years after source 1, Wolsey had failed to use his contacts efficiently which supports claims made in source 1. Despite all of this, Wolsey did
Any arrests outside of the state would not be included as the date of failure. An additional limitation of the study is that it is possible that the relationship between drug treatment and reduced recidivism is due to unmeasured and unknown variables predicting both. The final limitation is that the research does not differentiate between in-program recidivism and post-program recidivism. Be able to differentiate between the two is necessary because of the probability that subjects behave differently when being directly supervised by the court. Despite the limitations found in the BCDTC, the findings of the research proved that subjects who participated in the DTC were less likely to be rearrested than the control group.
Most of the subjects discovered they were more likey to obey authority figures than they might have expected and most went through a type of self-discovery. Even though they found something new about themselves, Baumrind suspects that not all of the subjects wanted this self-discovery because they all probably felt guilty after they found out they would obey an authority figure to the point of harming another person. According to Baumrind, the setting is another reason Milgram’s experiment was flawed. She says that because the experiment was done in a laboratory, the subjects were more prone to obey the experimenter than if they would have been elsewhere (Baumrind 330). Baumrind was also concerned with the subjects and how they were after the experiment.
They found that there was a high inter-rater reliability which showed that the diagnosis of phobia is reliable. However they only looked at social phobias and didn’t consider any specific phobias therefore it cannot be generalised meaning that it is low in external validity. Also they only used interviews which means there are issues with self-report data. Social desirability bias could also occur as the participants may act in a certain way to make themselves look better even though it’s not necessarily their true behaviour. The other way of examining reliability is through test re-test, which is
According to Castle, young people who listen to music on high-volumes would not have an immediate effect in their hearing, but will probably have a result of hearing lost later on in life. Loss of hearing in young people is mainly because they like to listen to music. But no matter what the purpose of them listening to music, it is most likely for the music
They predicted that the teachers would stop, not going past 150volts, while only one in a thousand would actually go to 450 volts. They were proved wrong because 60% of the teachers went to 450 volts. This experiment was duplicated in other countries and their results were even higher. Some of the subjects refused to continue, yet would do so anyway. Others did not feel that they even had the choice to stop, when in reality there were no incentives and neither were they threatened to stay.
- ISBN 1-57230-396-4). Although the early behavioral approaches were successful in many of the neurotic disorders, it had little success in treating depression. Behaviorism was also losing in popularity due to the so-called "cognitive revolution". The therapeutic approaches of Aaron T. Beck and Albert Ellis gained popularity among behavior therapists, despite the earlier behaviorist rejection of "mentalistic" concepts like thoughts and cognitions. Both these systems included
Also, he correlated his evidence, meaning that the correlations he established may not demonstrate cause and effect. For example, Catholic countries have low suicide rates, but this may not be because there is too little integration but because doctors are more likely to lie on the death certificate. Therefore criticising Durkheim again as the data he used was not